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wqa是誰(wqy是誰)

發(fā)布于:2022-12-07 05:22 點(diǎn)擊數(shù): 1818

1. wqa是誰

普通話是我國的通用語言和世界上使用人口最多的語言,也是世界上影響最大的六種語言之一。學(xué)好普通話不僅是法律賦予公民的神圣權(quán)利和義務(wù),而且還是一個(gè)人基本素質(zhì)和能力的體現(xiàn)。學(xué)好普通話,走遍天下都不怕。

普通話概述

普通話是以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音,以北方話為基礎(chǔ)方言,以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代漢民族共同語。這是1955年召開的全國文字改革會(huì)議和現(xiàn)代漢語規(guī)范問題學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議對(duì)普通話的含義做出的明確界定。它的內(nèi)涵如下:

一、普通話以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音。以北京語音作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音是就普通話整體而言,并不是北京話里的每一個(gè)語音成分都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范的,北京話不完全是普通話。北京話的語音,由于各種原因仍然與普通話存在著一些分歧,例如異讀現(xiàn)象和一些土話成分等。在北京話語音里,輕聲和兒化音也特別多。北京話常常把三音節(jié)詞中間那個(gè)字“兒”化掉,叫人聽不清楚,如“不兒道(不知道)”“告兒他(告訴他)”,等等。

二、普通話以北方方言為基礎(chǔ)方言。普通話在詞匯方面以北方方言作為基礎(chǔ)方言,充分考慮了北方方言詞匯使用人口眾多和分布廣泛的情況。例如“今天”“下午”,從華北到東北、西北、西南的北方話、北方方言區(qū),含義都一樣,大家都懂。而吳方言、閩方言則把“今天”說成“今朝”“該日”,這就要求“少數(shù)服從多數(shù)”了。

三、普通話以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范。現(xiàn)代白話文是以北京方言為基礎(chǔ)的,在白話文著作里,由于書面語是經(jīng)過作者反復(fù)推敲而提煉加工的比較成熟的語言,具有很強(qiáng)的普遍性、確定性和穩(wěn)定性,不但語法有很明確的規(guī)范性,詞匯有廣泛的通用性,而且文字簡練明白,修辭恰當(dāng),邏輯性強(qiáng)。

掌握語音知識(shí)

普通話的聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)、語流音變規(guī)律、音節(jié)拼合規(guī)律是普通話語音的基礎(chǔ),學(xué)習(xí)普通話首先要掌握這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本規(guī)律。學(xué)習(xí)普通話基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),明確自己的普通話還存在哪些方面的不足,知其然且知其所以然,有目的地糾正自己的語音錯(cuò)誤和語音缺陷,就能使學(xué)習(xí)普通話事半功倍。

音節(jié)

音節(jié)是語音的自然單位,是人們聽覺上能夠自然感到的、分辨得出的最小的語音單位。例如“學(xué)習(xí)普通話”是五個(gè)音節(jié),是五個(gè)語音的自然單位,聽的人語感上很清楚,說的人語感上也很清楚。從發(fā)音上來說,一個(gè)音節(jié)是發(fā)音過程中發(fā)音器官的肌肉從緊張到松弛的一次過程;從聽音來說,每一個(gè)音節(jié)都有一個(gè)明顯的響度中心。

在普通話里,一般來說一個(gè)音節(jié)就是一個(gè)漢字的讀音。只有“兒化韻”這樣的個(gè)別情況例外,如:“花兒”,讀起來是一個(gè)音節(jié)“huar”,寫起來卻是兩個(gè)字。普通話的基本音節(jié)大體上有四百多個(gè)。

音素

音素是從音色的角度劃分出來的最小的語音單位。絕大多數(shù)音節(jié),往往可以從音色的角度分析出最小的語音單位。例如“振”(zhen)可以劃分出zh,e,n三個(gè)不同的音素,“華”(hud)可以劃分出h,u,a三個(gè)不同的音素。它們都是最小的不可再分析的語音單位。如果從發(fā)音器官的變化來看,一個(gè)音素就是發(fā)音器官的一次變化活動(dòng),如a,i,n,h,每個(gè)音發(fā)音時(shí)發(fā)音器官只有一次變化活動(dòng),因此,它們都是單個(gè)音素。又如ao,ai,ta,fa,每組發(fā)音時(shí)發(fā)音器官有兩次明顯的變化活動(dòng),因此,它們都是由兩個(gè)音素構(gòu)成的。漢語里的音節(jié)最少的只有一個(gè)音素,如“阿”(a);最多的有四個(gè)音素,如“江”(jiang)。

音素按其發(fā)音特點(diǎn)可以分為兩大類,即元音和輔音。元音和輔音的主要區(qū)別是:

(1)輔音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流經(jīng)過口腔或咽頭要受到某一部位的阻礙;元音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流在口腔或咽頭不受阻礙。這是元音和輔音的根本區(qū)別。

(2)元音發(fā)音時(shí),發(fā)音器官各部位保持均衡緊張狀態(tài);輔音發(fā)音時(shí),只有受阻的部位才特別緊張。

(3)元音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流較弱;輔音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流較強(qiáng)。

(4)元音發(fā)音時(shí),聲帶振動(dòng),聲音比較響亮;輔音發(fā)音時(shí),一般聲帶不振動(dòng)(只有少數(shù)輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)),聲音一般不響亮。

聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)

按照漢語傳統(tǒng)的語音分析方法,漢語音節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)成分包括聲母、韻母和聲調(diào)。

1、聲母。指一個(gè)音節(jié)開頭的輔音。例如“中”(zhōng)這個(gè)音節(jié)里,輔音zh就是它的聲母。有些音節(jié)不是以輔音開頭,就是說沒有聲母(聲母為“零”),習(xí)慣上稱為“零聲母”,這樣的音節(jié)就稱為“零聲母音節(jié)”。例如“愛”(ài)、“恩”(ēn)“雨”(yǔ)等開頭都沒有輔音,它們都是零聲母音節(jié)。

2、韻母。指音節(jié)中聲母后面的部分。例如“華”(huá)這個(gè)音節(jié)里,ua就是它的韻母。零聲母音節(jié)整個(gè)由韻母組成,例如:“安”(ān)。

3、聲調(diào)。指音節(jié)中具有區(qū)別意義作用的高低升降變化。如“媽”(m?。ⅰ奥椤保╩á)、“馬”(mǎ)、“罵”(mà)四個(gè)音節(jié),其聲母、韻母完全相同,但聲調(diào)不同:“媽”(mā)是高而平,“麻”(má)是上升的,“馬”(mǎ)是先降后升的,“罵”(mà)是下降的。它們意義的不同就是通過聲調(diào)來區(qū)別的。

掌握發(fā)音原理

學(xué)習(xí)普通話語音,必須了解各個(gè)發(fā)音器官在發(fā)音時(shí)的作用以及不同語音的發(fā)音原理,比如聲母的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法、韻母在發(fā)音時(shí)舌位和唇形的情況、聲調(diào)主要是由音高決定的、聲調(diào)在發(fā)音時(shí)如何控制聲帶的松緊等等。

普通話的聲母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

一、聲母的分類

聲母是音節(jié)開頭的輔音。普通話語音系統(tǒng)中,做聲母的輔音共21個(gè),它們是:b,p,m,f,d,t,n,l,g,k,h,j,q,x,zh,ch,sh,r,z,c,s;加上“零聲母”,則是22個(gè)。

二、普通話聲母的發(fā)音

聲母的發(fā)音有“本音”和“呼讀音”兩種。完全按照輔音的發(fā)音原理,發(fā)出的聲母的讀音叫本音。由于普通話聲母中多數(shù)是清輔音聲母,其本音為不帶音,發(fā)音不響亮,在無元音拼合的情況下難以顯示其音色特點(diǎn),不便于稱說,所以在教學(xué)中常常在聲母后面加上一個(gè)元音,實(shí)際上已組成了一個(gè)音節(jié),以方便不同聲母的稱讀,這就是呼讀音。

聲母呼讀音的發(fā)音規(guī)律是:

(1)在b,p,m,f后面加上元音o,讀成“bo(玻),po坡(坡),mo(摸),fo(佛)”。在d,t,n,l,g,k,h后面加上元音e,讀成“de(得),te(特),ne(訥),le(勒),ge(哥),ke(科),he(喝)”。

(2)在j,q,x后面加上元音i,讀成ji(基),qi(欺),xi(希)。

(3)在zh,ch,sh,r的后面加上舌尖后元音i,讀成zhi(知),chi(吃),shi(詩),ri(日)。在z,c,s的后面加上舌尖后元音i,讀成zi(資),ci(雌),si(思)。

學(xué)習(xí)普通話語音,除了呼讀音之外,重點(diǎn)要掌握聲母的本音,因?yàn)橹挥杏帽疽舾嵞赶嗥?,才是正確的拼讀。結(jié)合聲母的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法,可以對(duì)聲母的發(fā)音情況進(jìn)行綜合描寫。以下分別說明每個(gè)聲母的發(fā)音情況,同時(shí)舉出例詞,以練習(xí)發(fā)音。

(一)雙唇音

雙唇音是由上唇和下唇接觸而使語流受阻而構(gòu)成的一種輔音。發(fā)音時(shí),發(fā)音部位的著力點(diǎn)應(yīng)集中在雙唇中央1/3處,使字音清晰有力度。注意一定不要抿唇、裹唇,以免字音悶暗不清楚。

塞音:發(fā)音時(shí)氣流通路完全閉塞。閉塞后突然解除障礙發(fā)出噪音即為爆破音,不解除障礙的為閉塞音。

鼻音:發(fā)音時(shí),口腔氣流通路阻塞,軟腭下垂,鼻腔通氣發(fā)出的聲音。鼻音按發(fā)音方法分類的一類輔音。發(fā)音時(shí),口腔中的氣流通路被阻塞,軟顎下垂,氣流通過鼻腔。一般的鼻音也可以視為塞音的一種,因?yàn)榘l(fā)音的時(shí)候,氣流通路被阻礙。

1、b:雙唇、不送氣、清、塞音

例如,包辦、斑白、標(biāo)兵、奔波、辨別。

發(fā)音時(shí),雙唇閉攏,阻塞氣流,除阻階段突然放開爆發(fā)成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。

2、p:雙唇、送氣、清、塞音

例如,澎湃、品評(píng)、偏頗、批判、鋪排。

發(fā)音情況與b大致相同,只是b氣流較弱,而p氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、m:雙唇、濁、鼻音

例如,明媚、茂密、盲目、美妙、泯滅。

發(fā)音時(shí),雙唇閉攏,軟腭下垂,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。

(二)唇齒音

唇齒音是利用上齒與下唇相接的阻礙發(fā)出的輔音。

擦音:口腔通路縮小,氣流從中擠出而發(fā)的輔音。

f:唇齒、清、擦音

例如,芳菲、發(fā)憤、豐富、非凡、福分。

發(fā)音時(shí),下唇接近上齒,形成窄縫,氣流從縫隙中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

(三)舌尖中音

舌尖中音是由舌尖和上齒齦對(duì)發(fā)音氣流構(gòu)成阻礙而形成的發(fā)音。

1、d:舌尖中、不送氣、清、塞音

例如,調(diào)動(dòng)、到達(dá)、等待、斷定、擔(dān)當(dāng)。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,阻塞氣流,然后突然放開爆發(fā)成音,氣流較弱,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

2、t:舌尖中、送氣、清、塞音

例如,忐忑、妥帖、天體、探討、疼痛。

發(fā)音情況與d大致相同,只是d氣流較弱,t氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、n:舌尖中、濁、鼻音

例如,奶牛、惱怒、男女、能耐、泥濘。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,阻塞氣流,軟腭下垂,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。

4、l:舌尖中、濁、邊音

例如,留戀、勞累、伶俐、冷落、理論。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,軟腭上升,阻塞鼻腔通路,氣流從舌的兩邊通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。

(四)舌根音

舌根音是利用舌根隆起抵住軟腭的阻礙發(fā)出的輔音。

1、g:舌根、不送氣、清、塞音

例如,梗概、鞏固、改革、尷尬、觀光。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌根抵住軟腭,阻塞氣流,然后突然放開,爆發(fā)成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),流較弱。

2、k:舌根、送氣、清、塞音

例如,坎坷、困苦、慷慨、空曠、寬闊。

發(fā)音情況與g大致相同,只是g氣流較弱,k氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、h:舌根、清、擦音

例如,浩瀚、呵護(hù)、歡呼、輝煌、航海。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌根靠近軟腭,留出一條窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

(五)舌面音

舌面音指舌面前部抵住或接近硬腭前部,氣流在這一部位受到阻礙后形成的音。

1、j:舌面、不送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,矯健、警覺、季節(jié)、究竟、嘉獎(jiǎng)。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌面前部抵住硬腭﹐阻塞氣流,然后氣流沖開阻塞形成窄縫,摩擦成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。

2、q:舌面、送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,牽強(qiáng)、乞求、欠缺、喬遷、親切。

發(fā)音情況與j大致相同,只是j氣流較弱,q氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、x:舌面、清、擦音

例如,欣喜、現(xiàn)象、消閑、興許、修行。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌面前部靠近硬腭,形成窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

(六)舌尖后音

舌尖后音是由舌尖向上翹起和硬腭前部相接觸,使氣流受阻而構(gòu)成的一種輔音。

1、zh:舌尖后、不送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,招展、政治、莊重、轉(zhuǎn)折、駐扎。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖上翹抵住硬腭前部,然后氣流沖開―條窄縫,摩擦成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。

2、ch:舌尖后、送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,躊躇、懲處、馳騁、穿插、櫥窗。

發(fā)音情況與zh大致相同,只是zh氣流較弱,ch氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、h:舌尖后、清、擦音

例如,施舍、閃爍、水手、述說、雙聲。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖上翹靠近硬腭前部,形成窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

4、r:舌尖后、濁、擦音

例如,忍讓、如若、仍然、榮辱。

發(fā)音情況與sh大致相同,只是sh聲帶不顫動(dòng),r聲帶顫動(dòng)。

(七)舌尖前音

舌尖前音是利用舌尖抵住上門齒背的阻礙發(fā)出的輔音。

1、z:舌尖前、不送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,總則、祖宗、自尊、造作、走嘴。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌頭平伸,舌尖抵住上齒背,然后氣流沖開一條窄縫,摩擦成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。

2、c:舌尖前、送氣、清、塞擦音

例如,倉促、猜測(cè)、層次、參差、摧殘。

發(fā)音情況與z大致相同,只是z氣流較弱,c氣流較強(qiáng)。

3、s:舌尖前、清、擦音

例如,思索、色素、松散、灑掃、僧俗。

發(fā)音時(shí),舌頭平伸,舌尖接近上齒背,形成窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。

三、“零聲母”音節(jié)

除了21個(gè)輔音聲母外,普通話還有一些音節(jié)不以輔音開頭,而是以元音開頭的。例如,安ān、恩ēn、歐ōu、哀āi、澳ào等。這種沒有輔音開頭的音節(jié)成為零聲母音節(jié)。

漢語拼音中y,w兩個(gè)字母只出現(xiàn)在零聲母音節(jié)的開頭,但它們不是真正的聲母,而是起隔開音節(jié)作用的字母,例如,羊yáng、溫wēn、圓yuán,這三個(gè)音節(jié)實(shí)際上是ang,uen,uan三個(gè)韻母獨(dú)自充當(dāng)音節(jié),也是零聲母音節(jié)。嚴(yán)格地說,這些元音起頭的音節(jié)在發(fā)音時(shí)韻頭仍然帶有輕微的摩擦成分,在語音學(xué)上稱為半元音。漢語拼音方案規(guī)定用y,w來加在i,u,u開頭的音節(jié)前或替代i,u,u,這既是一種書寫時(shí)的隔音符號(hào),在發(fā)音上也多少起了一些提示有半元音存在的作用。

四、聲母發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

(一)雙唇音:b,p,m

1、雙唇音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)雙唇音指上唇與下唇接觸構(gòu)成阻礙后發(fā)出的一種輔音,共有三個(gè)。

(2)發(fā)音唇齒無力、口腔松軟的原因與這3個(gè)音發(fā)不好有直接關(guān)系,力量應(yīng)該集中在雙唇中央,唇部收緊,接觸有力。

(3)b和p的區(qū)別在于不送氣與送氣,而b,p和m的區(qū)別則是b,p發(fā)音時(shí)軟腭提起,氣流從口腔出來,而m要發(fā)成鼻音,都要注意雙唇的爆發(fā)力。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)巴老爺芭蕉樹(b)

巴老爺有八十八棵芭蕉樹,來了八十八個(gè)把式要在八十八棵芭蕉樹下住。巴老爺拔了八十八棵芭蕉樹,不讓八十八個(gè)把式在八十八棵芭蕉樹下住。八十八個(gè)把式少了八十八棵芭蕉樹,巴老爺在八十八棵樹邊哭。

(2)瓶碰盆(b,p)

車上有個(gè)盆,盆里有個(gè)瓶,乓乓乓,乒乒乒,不只是瓶碰盆,還是盆碰瓶。

(3)媽媽罵馬(m)

媽媽種麻,我去放馬。馬吃了麻,媽媽罵馬。

(二)唇齒音:f

1、訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)唇齒音指下唇與上齒接觸構(gòu)成阻礙后發(fā)出的一種輔音。普通話語音中只有-個(gè)唇齒音f,沒有v這個(gè)音。

(2)發(fā)音時(shí)注意,上齒與下唇形成阻礙時(shí)要自然接觸,不要上齒咬住下唇發(fā)音,否則成阻部位面積大,力量分散,有發(fā)成塞音的趨勢(shì),顯得笨拙。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

畫鳳凰(f,h)

粉紅墻上畫鳳凰,鳳凰畫在粉紅墻。紅鳳凰、粉鳳凰,紅粉鳳凰、花鳳凰。

(三)舌尖中音:d,t,n,I

1、舌尖中音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)舌尖中音指舌尖抵住上齒齦,氣流在這一部位受到阻礙后發(fā)出的音,練習(xí)時(shí)注意舌尖要有力度。

(2)所謂“彈力”就是指舌尖阻被突然沖開,不要拖泥帶水。

(3)n,I兩個(gè)音,不少地方的人在發(fā)音時(shí)不會(huì)分辨。其實(shí),這兩個(gè)音發(fā)音方法完全不同,n是鼻孔出氣(鼻音),Ⅰ是舌頭兩邊出氣(邊音)。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要抓住這兩者區(qū)分的要點(diǎn),可以用一根手指放在鼻翼兩側(cè),感受發(fā)n音時(shí)鼻腔的振動(dòng),而發(fā)Ⅰ音的時(shí)候,手指是感受不到振動(dòng)的。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)打特盜(d,t)

調(diào)到敵島打特盜,特盜太刁投短刀;擋推頂打短刀掉,踏盜得刀盜打倒。

(2)盜短刀(d,t)

斷頭臺(tái)倒吊短單刀,歹徒登臺(tái)偷單刀;斷頭臺(tái)塌盜跌倒,對(duì)對(duì)短刀叮當(dāng)?shù)簟?/p>

(3)男旅客女旅客(n,l)

男旅客穿著藍(lán)上裝,女旅客穿著呢大衣,男旅客扶著拎籃子的老大娘,女旅客攙著拿籠子的小男孩兒。

(4)拉車(l,n)

門外有四輛車,你愛拉哪輛就拉哪鋼,想拉到哪里就拉到哪里。

(四)舌根音:g,k,h

1、舌根音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)舌根音指舌根和軟腭相接,氣流在這一部分受到阻礙后發(fā)出的一種輔音。

(2)它們是21個(gè)聲母中發(fā)音最靠后的3個(gè)音,也是音色最暗的一組。

(3)為了追求聲音的寬厚、有氣勢(shì),人們總是喜歡把這三個(gè)本來已經(jīng)靠后的舌根音發(fā)得更靠后,于是也就容易把韻母帶到后面,導(dǎo)致喉音過重。其實(shí)這是一種不正確的發(fā)聲狀態(tài)。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)多少罐(g)

一個(gè)半罐是半罐,兩個(gè)半罐是一罐;三個(gè)半罐是一罐半,四個(gè)半罐是兩罐;五個(gè)半罐是兩罐半,六個(gè)半罐是三滿罐;七個(gè)、八個(gè)、九個(gè)半罐,請(qǐng)你算算是多少罐。

(2)哥挎瓜筐過寬溝(g,k)

哥挎瓜筐過寬溝,趕快過溝看怪狗。光看怪狗瓜筐扣,瓜滾筐空哥怪狗。

(3)華華和紅紅(h)

華華有兩朵黃花,紅紅有兩朵紅花,華華要紅花,紅紅要黃花華華送給紅紅一朵黃花,紅紅送給華華一朵紅花。

(五)舌面音:j,q,x

1、舌面音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)舌面音指舌面前部抵住或接近硬腭前部,氣流在這一部位受到阻礙后形成的音。這組音最容易出現(xiàn)的問題就是尖音(舌尖化)。

(2)有了尖音會(huì)顯得不莊重、不樸實(shí);同時(shí),噪音太大,也容易讓聽你說話的人耳朵疲勞。為了防止尖音的出現(xiàn),除了做好辨音外,還要注意不要讓舌尖碰到牙齒或兩齒之間。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)七加一(j,q)

七加一,七減一,加完減完等于幾?七加一,七減一,加完減完還是七。

(2)漆匠和錫匠(j,q,x)

七巷一個(gè)漆匠,西巷一個(gè)錫匠,七巷漆匠偷了西巷錫匠的錫,西巷錫匠拿了七巷漆匠的漆,七巷漆匠氣西巷錫匠偷了漆,西巷錫匠譏七巷漆匠拿了錫。請(qǐng)問錫匠和漆匠,誰拿誰的錫?誰偷誰的漆?

(3)花鴨與彩霞(x)

水中映著彩霞,水面游著花鴨。霞是五彩霞,鴨是麻花鴨。麻花鴨游進(jìn)五彩霞,五彩霞網(wǎng)住麻花鴨。樂壞了鴨,拍碎了霞,分不清是鴨還是霞。

(六)舌尖后音:zh,ch,sh,r

1、舌尖后音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

舌尖后音指舌尖后移與齒齦后部接觸構(gòu)成阻礙后發(fā)出的一種輔音。這組音又叫翹舌音。發(fā)這組音時(shí)容易出現(xiàn)三個(gè)問題:第一,很多人容易和舌尖前音相混,造成平翹不分。第二,有些人在發(fā)這組音時(shí)發(fā)得比較靠后,把翹舌音發(fā)成了卷舌音。針對(duì)這個(gè)問題,可以著重練習(xí)舌尖翹起這個(gè)動(dòng)作。第三,有些人發(fā)音偏前,舌位較平,接近于平舌音的位置。發(fā)這組音時(shí),舌尖頂住硬腭前部,聽起來就不那么偏前了。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)知道不知道(zh,sh)

認(rèn)識(shí)從實(shí)踐始,實(shí)踐出真知。知道就是知道,不知道就是不知道。不要知道說不知道,也不要不知道說知道。老老實(shí)實(shí),實(shí)事求是,一定做到不折不扣的真知道。

(2)朱叔除竹筍(zh,ch)

朱家一株竹,竹筍初長出,朱叔處處鋤,鋤出筍來煮,鋤完不再出,朱叔沒筍煮,竹株又干枯。

(3)學(xué)時(shí)事(zh,ch,sh)

史老師,講時(shí)事,常學(xué)時(shí)事長知識(shí)。時(shí)事學(xué)習(xí)看報(bào)紙,報(bào)紙登的是時(shí)事,心里裝著天下事。

(4)曬人肉(sh,r)

日頭熱,曬人肉,曬得心里好難受。曬人肉,好難受,曬得頭上直冒油。

(七)舌尖前音:z,c,s

1、舌尖前音訓(xùn)練要領(lǐng):

(1)舌尖前音指舌尖平伸抵住或接近上齒背,氣流在這一部位受到阻礙后發(fā)出音,又叫平舌音。

(2)成阻面要小,力量要集中。

(3)避免舌尖伸到兩齒中間變成齒間音。

(4)s與sh的比較,關(guān)鍵在于s是“平舌”,舌尖接近齒背;sh是“翹舌”舌離開齒背,接近硬腭前部。

2、繞口令練習(xí):

(1)做早操(z,c)

早晨早早起,早起做早操人人做早操,做操身體好。

(2)比腿(c)

山前有個(gè)崔粗腿,山后有個(gè)崔腿粗,二人山前來比腿,不知是崔祖腿比崔腿粗的粗腿,還是崔腿粗比崔粗腿的腿粗。

(3)登山(s)

三月三,小三去登山。上山又下山,下山又上山。登了主次山,跑了三里三。出了一身汗,濕了三件衫。小三山上大聲喊:“離天只有三尺三!”

普通話的韻母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

一、普通話韻母的分類

按漢語語音學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)分析方法,把漢語音節(jié)中聲母以后的部分叫韻母。一個(gè)音節(jié)可以沒有聲母,但不能沒有韻母,即可以由韻母自成音節(jié)(稱為零聲母音節(jié))。

根據(jù)構(gòu)成韻母的音素的位置特點(diǎn),一般把韻母分為韻頭、韻腹和韻尾三個(gè)組成部分。只有i、u、ü三個(gè)元音可以充當(dāng)韻頭。所有的元音都可以充當(dāng)韻腹,但是在一個(gè)韻母有幾個(gè)元音的情況下,只有開口度最大的那個(gè)元音是韻腹,輔音不能充當(dāng)韻腹。韻尾出現(xiàn)在韻腹的后面,元音中充當(dāng)韻尾的有兩個(gè)高元音i和u,此外還有兩個(gè)鼻輔音n和ng。例如,韻母uai,其中u是韻頭,a是韻腹,i是韻尾。

二、普通話韻母的發(fā)音

韻母發(fā)音時(shí)要注意口腔、舌位及唇形的配合。舌位的前、央、后,是指發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭隆起部分在口腔中所居的前后位置:舌位的高、半高、半低、低,是指發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭隆起部分的最高點(diǎn)同上腭距離的大小而言;舌位的降低或抬高與口腔的開合有關(guān),舌位越高,開口度越小;舌位越低,開口度越大。

(一)單韻母的發(fā)音

單元音韻母分為三小類:舌面單韻母、舌尖單韻母、卷舌單韻母,接下來分別進(jìn)行講述。

1、舌面單韻母

發(fā)音時(shí)舌面起主要作用。普通話中共有7個(gè)舌面單韻母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü。元音的發(fā)音情況,可以用舌面元音舌位圖來表示。

最高最前的元音是i,最高最后的是u,最低最前是前a[a](普通話中ai的開頭部分),最低最后的是后a[a](普通話中ao的開頭部分)。普通話的舌面元音的發(fā)言范圍就在這四個(gè)音的范圍之內(nèi)。圖上的橫線代表舌位高低,豎線代表舌位的前后,豎線兩側(cè)為不圓唇和圓唇,根據(jù)這個(gè)圖,我們可以看出各個(gè)元音的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)。

2、舌尖單韻母

發(fā)音時(shí)舌尖起主要作用,普通話中的舌尖單韻母只有兩個(gè):一個(gè)是跟z,c,s相拼的-i[?],一個(gè)是跟zh,ch,sh,r相拼的-i[?]。

(1)-i[?]:舌尖、前、高、不圓唇元音。

例如,自私、次子、孜孜、字詞。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖前伸,接近上齒背,氣流通路雖窄,但不發(fā)生摩擦,唇形向兩邊自然展開。這個(gè)元音發(fā)音稍難,練習(xí)時(shí)可以把“思”的音拖長,尾音就是-i[?]了。

(2)-i[?]:舌尖、后、高、不圓唇元音。

例如,支持、時(shí)事、日食、知識(shí)。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖翹起靠近軟腭,氣流通過時(shí)沒有摩擦,唇形向兩邊自然展開。練習(xí)這個(gè)音時(shí)可以把“詩”的音拖長,尾音就是-i[?]。

3、卷舌單韻母

普通話中只有一個(gè)卷舌韻母er,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)聲母發(fā)音時(shí)伴有卷舌動(dòng)作,所以稱為卷舌韻母。

er[?]:卷舌,央,中,不圓唇元音。例如,兒、耳、爾、二。

er實(shí)際上是一個(gè)帶有卷舌色彩的央元音er[?],發(fā)音時(shí)嘴略開,舌位居于中央,唇形不圓,在發(fā)er[?]時(shí),舌尖向硬腭卷起就成為er,r在er中只表示卷舌動(dòng)作,不看成是輔音韻尾。

(二)復(fù)韻母的發(fā)音

復(fù)韻母就是復(fù)元音韻母。復(fù)韻母的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)是:第一,從前一個(gè)元音到后一個(gè)元音,舌位、唇形都有一個(gè)逐漸變動(dòng)的過程,其間有一串過渡音,同時(shí)氣流不中斷。第二,復(fù)韻母的幾個(gè)元音在響度和清晰度等方面是不同的,其中有一個(gè)元音比較清晰響亮,是韻母的中心成分,為主要元音,稱為韻腹。

韻腹一般是舌位較低,開口度較大的元音,如a、o、e、ê,如果前后沒有其他元音,i、u、ü也可以作韻腹。韻腹前面的元音是韻頭,也稱作介音,充當(dāng)韻頭的只有i,u,ü三個(gè)高元音。韻腹后面的音素是韻尾,只表示舌位移動(dòng)的方向,音值含混而不固定。復(fù)韻母的韻尾只有i,u兩個(gè)。ao,iao中的“o”都是“u”的改寫。

1、前響復(fù)韻母。前響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在前的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí),前頭的元音清晰響亮,后頭的元音含混,音值不太固定,只表示舌位滑動(dòng)的方向。普通話韻母中共有4個(gè)前響復(fù)韻母ai,ei,ao,ou。

2、后響復(fù)韻母。后響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在后的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí)前面的元音輕而短、模糊,只表示舌位從那里開始移動(dòng),后面的元音清晰響亮。普通話韻母中共有五個(gè)后響復(fù)韻母:ia,ie,ua,uo,ue。

3、中響復(fù)韻母。中響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在中間的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音輕而短,中間的元音清晰響亮,后面的元音模糊,音值不太固定,只表示舌位滑動(dòng)的方向。普通話中的中響復(fù)韻母一共有四個(gè):iao,iou(拼音方案省寫為iu),uai,uei(拼音方案省寫為ui)。

(三)鼻韻母的發(fā)音

鼻韻母是由元音帶鼻輔音韻尾構(gòu)成的。鼻韻母的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)是:由元音的發(fā)音狀態(tài)向鼻輔音的發(fā)音狀態(tài)過渡,鼻音色彩逐漸增加,最后完全成為鼻音。另外鼻音韻尾沒有解除阻礙的階段,這同鼻輔音作聲母時(shí)的情況有所不同。

在普通話中,作韻尾的鼻輔音有兩個(gè):n和ng。韻尾n的發(fā)音情況和它作聲母時(shí)相同,只是不需解除阻礙。ng是舌根、濁、鼻音,發(fā)音時(shí)軟腭下降,打開鼻腔通路,舌根后面抵住軟腭,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。ng在普通話中只作韻尾不作聲母,和韻尾n一樣,也沒有解除阻礙的階段。

1、前鼻音韻母。普通話中共有8個(gè)前鼻音韻母;an,en,in,un,ian,uan,uan,uen。其中an,en,in,un開頭的元音是韻腹,ian,uan,uan,uen中間的元音是韻腹,開頭的元音是韻頭。

2、后鼻音韻母。普通話中一共有8個(gè)后鼻音韻母:ang,eng,ong,ing,iang,iong,uang,uengo其中ang,eng,ong,ing開頭的元音是韻腹,iang,iong,uang,ueng中間的元音是韻腹、開頭的元音是韻頭。

三、韻母發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

(一)單韻母訓(xùn)練

1、單韻母發(fā)音的特點(diǎn):

發(fā)音過程中舌位和唇形始終不變,發(fā)音時(shí)要保持固定的口型。

(1)反復(fù)練讀i—é-a,u—o—a。體會(huì)舌位高低及開口度的變化。

(2)反復(fù)練讀ü—u,i(前)—-i(后)。體會(huì)舌位前后的變化。

2、繞口令練習(xí)

(1)一二三四五,我要學(xué)打鼓;打鼓怕用力,去學(xué)編斗簽;斗笠孔孔多,又去學(xué)補(bǔ)鍋;補(bǔ)鍋我嫌臟,再去學(xué)補(bǔ)碗;補(bǔ)碗怕打爛,趕快學(xué)劃船;劃艇太費(fèi)力,又去學(xué)殺雞;殺雞不斷氣,長出白胡須!

(2)一朵粉紅大荷花,趴著一只活蛤蟆。八朵粉紅大荷花,趴著八只活蛤蟆?;罡蝮。羞蛇?,呱呱叫著爬上大荷花。

(3)小吳和小顧,跟著老盧學(xué)二胡。老盧時(shí)??湫☆?,二胡功夫練得熟。小吳苦練拉二胡,要趕上小顧超過老盧。

(二)復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練

1、前響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練

發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音清晰響亮,音值稍大;后面的元音輕短模糊。

字詞練習(xí):

白費(fèi)、百草、排列、北斗、悲哀、茅臺(tái)

堡壘、報(bào)仇、購買、守備、逗號(hào)、佩戴

2、后響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練

發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音輕短模糊,后面元音清晰響亮。

字詞練習(xí):

雅座、佳話、枷鎖、下月、接洽、學(xué)業(yè)

瓦解、花朵、化學(xué)、國家、唾液、雪花

3、中響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練

發(fā)音時(shí),中間的元音清晰響亮,前后元音輕短模糊。

字詞練習(xí):

郊游、描繪、懷表、歪斜、垂柳、誘拐

傀儡、銷毀、搖擺、毀壞、翠鳥、摔跤

(三)鼻韻母訓(xùn)練

1、前鼻正音訓(xùn)練

在前鼻韻母字后,加一個(gè)用d,t,n,l作聲母的音節(jié),兩字連續(xù),因發(fā)音部位相同(舌尖中音),后字可引襯前字的前鼻韻母歸音準(zhǔn)確。

2、后鼻正音訓(xùn)練

在后鼻韻母字的后面,加一個(gè)用g,k,h作聲母的音節(jié),兩字連續(xù),因發(fā)音部位相同(舌根音),后字可引襯前字的后鼻韻母歸音準(zhǔn)確。

普通話聲調(diào)及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

一、普通話的聲調(diào)

漢語字音高低升降的調(diào)子就是聲調(diào),也叫字調(diào)。聲調(diào)與音長、音強(qiáng)都有關(guān)系,但本質(zhì)上是由音高決定的。音高的變化,從生理性質(zhì)的角度分析,是發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶的松緊造成的。聲帶松,氣流沖擊時(shí)音波顫動(dòng)次數(shù)少,頻率小,聲音就低;反之則高。如果聲帶由松到緊,聲音就由低變高;反之,聲帶由緊到松,聲音則由高變低。因此,控制聲帶松緊就可以形成不同的音高,也就構(gòu)成了不同的聲調(diào)。

(普通話聲調(diào)表)

1、陰平。念高平,用五度標(biāo)記法來表示,就是從5到5,寫作[55]。聲帶繃到最緊,始終無明顯變化,保持音高。例如:珍惜光陰、青春光輝、春天花開、公司通知、新屋出租。

2、陽平。念高升(或稱中升),起音比陰平稍低,然后升到高。用五度標(biāo)記法表示,就是從3升到5,寫作[353]。聲帶從不松不緊開始,逐步繃緊,直到最緊,聲音從不低不高到最高。例如:豪情昂揚(yáng)、人民團(tuán)結(jié)、回國華僑、連年和平、牛羊成群。

3、上(shang)聲。念降升,起音半低,先降后升,用五度標(biāo)記法表示,是從2降到1再升到4,寫作[214]。聲帶從略微有些緊張開始,立刻松弛下來,稍稍延長,然后迅速繃緊,但沒有繃到最緊。例如:彼此理解、理想美滿、永遠(yuǎn)友好、處理穩(wěn)妥、遠(yuǎn)景美好。

4、去聲。念高降(或稱全降),起音高,接著往下滑,用五度標(biāo)記法表示,是從5降到1,寫作[51]。聲帶從緊開始到完全松弛為止,聲音從高到低,音長是最短的。例如:變幻莫測(cè)、日夜奮戰(zhàn)、報(bào)告勝利、創(chuàng)造利潤、勝利在望。

二、聲調(diào)發(fā)音訓(xùn)練

1、調(diào)值比較訓(xùn)練法。在教師的指導(dǎo)下,在反復(fù)練讀中比較普通話四聲調(diào)型的不同調(diào)值,掌握普通話的正確調(diào)值區(qū)域,培養(yǎng)聽辨能力,矯正發(fā)音。

2、聽調(diào)辨音訓(xùn)練法。教師讀出某個(gè)漢字聲調(diào)的調(diào)值特點(diǎn),并作適當(dāng)夸張,念得響一些、慢一些(同時(shí)采用手勢(shì)輔助),以顯示聲調(diào)的音高變化,讓學(xué)生聽辨并說出調(diào)類。學(xué)生有了聽辨能力,就能通過聽收音機(jī)、錄音帶或看電視等有聲途徑高效率地自學(xué)普通話。

3、手勢(shì)助讀訓(xùn)練法。聲調(diào)發(fā)音時(shí),教師運(yùn)用手勢(shì)表示聲調(diào)的平、升、曲、降,運(yùn)用手勢(shì),把握音高的變化,形象地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生讀準(zhǔn)聲調(diào)。

4、看調(diào)發(fā)音訓(xùn)練法。學(xué)生看著調(diào)號(hào),依據(jù)調(diào)號(hào)大致顯示的音高變化讀準(zhǔn)聲調(diào)。

5、記住四聲的發(fā)音口訣。

陰平起音高平莫低昂,氣勢(shì)平均不緊張。

陽平從中起音向上揚(yáng),用氣弱起逐漸強(qiáng)。

上聲先降轉(zhuǎn)上挑,降時(shí)氣穩(wěn)揚(yáng)時(shí)強(qiáng)。

去聲高起直下降,降時(shí)到弱要通暢。

6、遵循聲調(diào)訓(xùn)練步驟

(1)知:明確各種聲調(diào)的音高變化特點(diǎn)。

(2)聽:聽辨調(diào)類并隨讀。

(3)讀:自己練讀聲調(diào)。

(4)變:掌握變調(diào)規(guī)律。

(5)記:記住常用漢字聲調(diào)。

普通話音變

一、變調(diào)

音節(jié)和音節(jié)相連時(shí),由于相互影響而使某些音節(jié)的聲調(diào)發(fā)生變化,這種現(xiàn)象叫作變調(diào)。普通話里最常見的變調(diào)現(xiàn)象有上聲變調(diào)、“一”“不”變調(diào)以及形容詞重疊的變調(diào)。

1、上聲的變調(diào)。普通話上聲音節(jié)除單念或處在詞尾、句尾時(shí)聲調(diào)不變外,在其他情況下都要發(fā)生變化。可以說上聲音節(jié)聲調(diào)的變化最大、最多,它在與其他音節(jié)結(jié)合時(shí),不是丟掉下降的部分,就是失掉上升的部分。

2、“一”“不”的變調(diào)?!耙弧薄安弧钡淖冋{(diào),是普通話里比較突出的音變現(xiàn)象?!耙弧薄安弧痹趩文罨蛟谠~句末尾時(shí),以及“一”作序數(shù)詞使用時(shí),聲調(diào)不變,讀原調(diào)?!耙弧钡脑{(diào)是陰平,“不”的原調(diào)是去聲。

3、重疊形容詞的變調(diào)

(1)單音節(jié)形容詞重疊(aa式)。重疊部分如果兒化,第二個(gè)音節(jié)念成陰平〔55]。例如:慢慢兒(的)、好好兒、軟軟兒、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)兒。若重疊部分不兒化,則保持原調(diào)不變。

(2)雙音節(jié)形容詞后一個(gè)音節(jié)重疊(aBB式)。一般BB部分讀陰平。例如:綠油油、黑洞洞、沉甸甸。

(3)雙音節(jié)形容詞重疊(aaBB式)。第二個(gè)音節(jié)讀輕聲,第三、四個(gè)音節(jié)(BB)讀陰平。例如:漂漂亮亮、老老實(shí)實(shí)。用漢語拼音方案拼寫音節(jié)時(shí),一般不寫變調(diào),而標(biāo)原聲調(diào)。

二、輕聲

1、輕聲的概念及實(shí)際讀法

在語流中,有的音節(jié)失去了原聲調(diào)而被讀成一個(gè)又短又輕的調(diào)子,這就是輕聲。例如:在“頭腦”“頭發(fā)”這些詞里,或單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)時(shí),“頭”讀陽平調(diào);可是,在“石頭”“木頭”“饅頭”這些詞里,“頭”讀得輕而短,變成了“tou”。輕聲只是一種特殊的音變現(xiàn)象。因此,輕聲不被看作是一種獨(dú)立的調(diào)類。

2、變讀輕聲的規(guī)律

普通話口語中,下列成分常讀輕聲:

(1)語氣詞,如“啊、吧、呢、啦、嗎”等讀輕聲。

例如:他呢、快呀、對(duì)嗎、去吧、來呀、好哇、不行啊。

(2)時(shí)態(tài)助詞“著、了、過”,結(jié)構(gòu)助詞“的、地、得”讀輕聲。

例如:看著、走了、來過、吃的、愉快地、寫得好

(3)名詞、代詞的后綴“子、頭、巴、們、么”等讀輕聲。

例如:桌子、石頭、嘴巴、我們、他們、那么、尾巴、椅子。

(4)方位詞,如“上、下、里、外、邊、面、頭”等讀輕聲。

例如:屋里、桌上、山下、那邊、晚上、暗地里、前邊、河里。

(5)某些量詞讀輕聲。

例如:寫封信、打個(gè)電話、打個(gè)盹、喝口湯、看場戲。

(6)部分重疊音節(jié)的后一個(gè)音節(jié)讀輕聲。

例如:爸爸媽媽、星星、看看、說說、唱唱、寫寫、讀讀、太太、爺爺。

(7)動(dòng)詞、形容詞后的趨向動(dòng)詞讀輕聲。

例如:進(jìn)來、出去、好起來、壞下去、坐下、看出來、出去、站起來。

(8)部分約定俗成的雙音節(jié)詞的第二個(gè)音節(jié)讀輕聲。

例如:太陽、月亮、消息、清楚、事情、客氣、聰明、伶俐、糊涂。

(9)動(dòng)詞后面的某些結(jié)果補(bǔ)語常讀輕聲。

例如:打開、關(guān)上、站住。

(10)作賓語的人稱代詞常讀輕聲。

例如:找我、請(qǐng)你、叫他。

三、兒化

1、兒化的作用

兒化并不是純粹的語音現(xiàn)象,它跟語匯意義和語法意義都有密切關(guān)系,可以使?jié)h語在表達(dá)上更加嚴(yán)密精確,有區(qū)別詞義、詞性和表示感情色彩等作用。

2、兒化的音變規(guī)律

普通話除é、er韻母外,其余韻母均可以兒化,其規(guī)律見下表:

四、語氣詞“啊”的變讀

“啊”是一個(gè)表達(dá)語氣感情的詞,可作語氣詞,也可作嘆詞。作為嘆詞,“啊”獨(dú)立于句外,可以表示喜悅、贊嘆、驚疑、醒悟等感情色彩﹔作為語氣詞,“啊”附著在句尾,可以表示祈使、疑問、感嘆等語氣。用在句尾的語氣詞“啊”,因?yàn)槭芮懊嬉粋€(gè)音節(jié)末尾音素的影響,常常發(fā)生同化、增音等音變現(xiàn)象。這種變化都是在α前增加一個(gè)音素,其變化規(guī)律如下:

1、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是u,或前一個(gè)音節(jié)的韻母是ao、iao時(shí),“啊”讀成wa,寫成“哇”。例如:我不哇!你好哇!有沒有哇?她手多巧哇!你在哪里住哇?他真是個(gè)多面手哇!

2、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是a、o、e、é、i、ü時(shí),讀成ya,寫成“呀”。例如:快來呀!明天有雨呀!原來是他呀!人真多呀!今天好熱呀!快點(diǎn)寫呀!

3、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是n時(shí),讀成na,寫成“哪”。例如:多鮮艷哪!真慢哪!小心哪!多好的人哪!

4、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是ng時(shí),讀成nga,仍寫成“啊”例如:高聲唱?。〔恍邪。∵@樣成不成???認(rèn)真聽?。?/p>

5、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是-i[?]時(shí),讀成ra,仍寫成“啊”例如:多好的同志?。∈前?!

6、前面的音素是-i[?],讀成za,仍寫成“啊”例如:這樣小的字?。∧闳ミ^開封幾次???“

“啊”的音變情況可歸納為下表的內(nèi)容:

克服心理障礙

普通話并不難學(xué),難的是對(duì)心理狀態(tài)的調(diào)整和改善。許多同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)普通話時(shí)害怕自己因生硬別扭的發(fā)音出丑,或是畏懼長時(shí)間訓(xùn)練等困難,這些心理障礙常常使學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步緩慢。針對(duì)這種情況,我們需要及時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)心理狀態(tài)。放下心理包袱,大膽開口講。

任何學(xué)習(xí)都有一個(gè)從笨拙到熟練的過程,學(xué)習(xí)普通話也不例外,要盡早達(dá)到熟練程度,只有下苦功夫克服困難,戰(zhàn)勝畏懼心理,才能成為學(xué)習(xí)中的勝利者。反之,如果在學(xué)習(xí)中過分顧及面子,不敢坦然面對(duì)自己的發(fā)音缺陷,更不能以頑強(qiáng)的意志和艱苦的努力去克服、改善它,一味退避畏縮,其結(jié)果不僅使自己付出了時(shí)間和精力卻收效甚微,而且容易造成心理上的陰影,更會(huì)加重今后學(xué)習(xí)和生活的負(fù)擔(dān)??傊{(diào)整好心理狀態(tài),克服心理障礙,是學(xué)好普通話的重要前提。

語言環(huán)境

任何語言都離不開具體的語言環(huán)境,它直接影響和制約著語言的學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用。在學(xué)習(xí)普通話的過程中,我們一定要克服本地方言環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響,盡可能為自己創(chuàng)造一個(gè)有利的普通話環(huán)境。

校園、企事業(yè)單位、窗口行業(yè)、部隊(duì)軍營,都需要營造一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)和使用普通話的語言環(huán)境,這樣可以減輕學(xué)習(xí)和使用普通話初期巨大的心理壓力。有關(guān)部門、群眾團(tuán)體和學(xué)校的一些社團(tuán)可以通過組織豐富多彩的活動(dòng),提高人們對(duì)推廣普通話的認(rèn)識(shí);可以通過各種途徑、各種方式大力宣傳推廣普通話的意義;還可以通過創(chuàng)建“普通話角”等,營造一個(gè)學(xué)說普通話的小環(huán)境。作為個(gè)人,要抓住一切機(jī)會(huì)使用普通話。

學(xué)習(xí)方法

普通話是“口耳之學(xué)”,學(xué)習(xí)普通話僅僅掌握理論知識(shí)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,必須在理論的指導(dǎo)下,運(yùn)用正確的方法通過不斷的練習(xí)和實(shí)踐才能學(xué)好。我們從“聽、讀、說、記、思”幾個(gè)方面介紹一下練習(xí)普通話的一些方法。

要聽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的普通話。在日常生活中,要隨時(shí)隨地向普通話標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人學(xué)習(xí),比如留意聽廣播、電視中播音員的發(fā)音,聽周圍普通話標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人的發(fā)音。注意傾聽,注意模仿,注意比較,逐步建立良好的普通話聽力,并形成正確的優(yōu)劣高下的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提高自己對(duì)語音的敏感性,再結(jié)合理論知識(shí),糾正自己的發(fā)音。

讀就是在有文字憑借的情況下用普通話表達(dá)出來。練習(xí)時(shí),根據(jù)不同的情況,可以默讀,也可以朗讀。默讀,就是平時(shí)看書時(shí)養(yǎng)成用普通話默讀的習(xí)慣,這樣可以隨時(shí)隨地地練習(xí);朗讀,就是有意識(shí)地大聲朗讀優(yōu)美的書面語材料。朗讀比默讀更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)自己存在的問題,開始朗讀速度可以慢一些,邊讀邊聽,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,及時(shí)糾正。

說就是用普通話進(jìn)行交際,鍛煉將思維的內(nèi)部語言轉(zhuǎn)化為有聲的外部語言的能力。說比讀難度要更大一些,說要求將思維的內(nèi)部語言根據(jù)語法規(guī)則把詞語組織起來,再轉(zhuǎn)化為有聲的外部語言,最終用普通話表達(dá)出來。這要有一個(gè)較長的訓(xùn)練過程,需要克服畏難心理,堅(jiān)持在各種場合使用普通話。

一是要記住方言與普通話語音的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律;二是要記住不符合對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律的例外字;三是要記住發(fā)音原理;四是要記住3500常用字的讀音,以便于閱讀、交談和運(yùn)用。

思,就是要用普通話的思維。語言是思維的工具,人們平時(shí)思考問題總要使用一種語言或方言。方言區(qū)的人,多數(shù)是用自己的方言進(jìn)行思維。學(xué)習(xí)普通話,要逐步養(yǎng)成用普通話思維的習(xí)慣,使普通話成為我們的思維語言。如果先用方言思維,再轉(zhuǎn)換成普通話,最后再用普通話語音表達(dá)出來,勢(shì)必會(huì)影響表達(dá)效果。因此,要養(yǎng)成用普通話思維并且用普通話表達(dá)的習(xí)慣,逐步減少直至避免出現(xiàn)用方言思考、用普通話表達(dá)的現(xiàn)象。

總之,學(xué)習(xí)普通話是一項(xiàng)長期而艱苦的活動(dòng),我們只有全身心地投入進(jìn)去,根據(jù)自己的情況,探索出適合自己的方法,才能迅速提高自己的普通話水平。

口語能力訓(xùn)練

朗讀訓(xùn)練

朗讀,是指用普通話清晰、響亮、準(zhǔn)確地把文章念出來。朗讀是口語交際的一種重要形式,也是考查一個(gè)人在有文字憑借的情況下用普通話朗讀書面材料水平的有效方式。朗讀不只是簡單的“照字讀音”。朗讀者要通過自己的聲音準(zhǔn)確、完整地傳達(dá)出文章所寫的內(nèi)容、所要表達(dá)的思想感情。要把書面語言變成有生命的、訴諸人聽覺的、活生生的有聲語言,就需要朗讀者具有比較深厚的文化素質(zhì)(尤其是語文素養(yǎng))、比較強(qiáng)的邏輯思維和形象思維能力,同時(shí)還必須具有一定的駕馭有聲語言的能力。

一、朗讀的基本要求

(一)把握作品的基調(diào)

所謂作品的基調(diào),是指作品的基本情調(diào),即作品的總的態(tài)度、感情色彩和分量。朗讀基調(diào)是朗讀者在深入研究作品的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)作品實(shí)際內(nèi)容確定作品感情色彩的基本傾向特征。朗讀作品必須要把握準(zhǔn)作品的基調(diào),因?yàn)樽髌返幕{(diào)是一個(gè)整體概念,是層次段落語句中具體思想感情的綜合表露。

(二)發(fā)聲要求

1、掌握正確的發(fā)聲方法。語音是人體發(fā)聲器官運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果,聲帶發(fā)出聲音后;口、鼻、喉、咽、胸產(chǎn)生共鳴傳出聲音,唇、舌控制氣流而得到了各種不同的語音,每個(gè)音素都有自己固定的發(fā)音方法。因此,必須準(zhǔn)確牢記每個(gè)音素的發(fā)音特點(diǎn),掌握正確的發(fā)音方法。

2、吐字清晰,干脆利落。吐字時(shí)由于時(shí)間短促,不可能把每個(gè)音素都發(fā)得那么完整徹底,一般在念字時(shí)口型主要落在韻母的元音上,聲音處理應(yīng)是字頭短而有力,字腹圓潤飽滿,字尾和緩漸弱。整個(gè)音節(jié)干脆利落,不拖泥帶水,不好含混不清。

3、聲調(diào)準(zhǔn)確。漢語的音節(jié)少,正是加上了聲調(diào)才使許多同音節(jié)字得以區(qū)別。因此,聲調(diào)必須準(zhǔn)確。

4、口齒靈活,自然流暢。養(yǎng)成良好的發(fā)聲習(xí)慣。音質(zhì)對(duì)語言的意義表達(dá)和情感傳遞有很強(qiáng)的制約作用,音色的美感能產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的吸引力,使語言富有魅力。要做到這一點(diǎn),就必須養(yǎng)成良好的發(fā)聲習(xí)慣。

5、要有正確的發(fā)聲姿勢(shì)。挺胸、收腹、提氣,頸部、背部、腰部自然伸直,胸肌放松,用力適中,氣流通暢運(yùn)行,達(dá)到良好的共鳴效果,語音渾厚有力、輕松自然清晰悅耳。要達(dá)到上述要求,一要積極參加體育鍛煉,努力擴(kuò)大肺活量;二要采用適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練方法,具體有三:呼吸訓(xùn)練、共鳴訓(xùn)練、音色訓(xùn)練。

二、朗讀的基本技巧

(一)輕重分明。輕重分明即指對(duì)輕音、重音的確定和發(fā)音時(shí)的正確把握。方言重音也叫重讀,說話人根據(jù)表達(dá)語意和感情的需要,故意把某句話、某個(gè)詞組、某個(gè)詞或某個(gè)字說得重一些。表現(xiàn)為發(fā)音時(shí)擴(kuò)大音域和延續(xù)時(shí)間,同時(shí)增加強(qiáng)度,即表現(xiàn)為“音量”的加強(qiáng)和“音長”的延長。恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用重音,對(duì)于增強(qiáng)語言的表達(dá)效果是十分重要的。具體有詞的語法重音、句中邏輯重音、感情重音。

(二)停頓適當(dāng)。停頓是語言交流中的第一大要素,恰當(dāng)?shù)靥幚碚Z言交流中的停頓,不僅是表達(dá)說話意圖的需要,而且是增強(qiáng)語言表現(xiàn)力和精確性的需要。停頓是指口頭表述中,詞語之間、句子之間、層次之間、段落之間在聲音上的間斷。談話、演講如果不注意語音停頓,是無法傳情達(dá)意的;如果停頓不當(dāng),反而會(huì)造成表意的錯(cuò)誤。停頓是有聲語言表情達(dá)意的必要手段。適當(dāng)?shù)耐nD,可以準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)語言中的內(nèi)容和感情,同時(shí),也會(huì)給聽者領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考的時(shí)間,還可使說話者得到換氣歇息的機(jī)會(huì)。

(三)句調(diào)自然。語調(diào)是文章內(nèi)在節(jié)奏的一種體現(xiàn),具體表示語調(diào)的方法有高升調(diào)、降抑調(diào)、彎曲調(diào)、平直調(diào)。

1、高升調(diào)。說話時(shí)句尾語氣上揚(yáng),即前低后高的調(diào)子,表示疑問、反問、命令、叫喚、鼓勵(lì)、號(hào)召、申斥等意思。

2、降抑調(diào)。說話時(shí)句尾降低,即前高后低的調(diào)子,表示肯定、沉重、感嘆、祝愿、贊揚(yáng)、堅(jiān)信、要求等意思。

3、彎曲調(diào)。說話時(shí)句子的高低有曲折變化,即升高再降低或降低再升高的調(diào)子,表示反語、諷刺、思索、恐嚇、詼諧等意思。

4、平直調(diào)。說話時(shí)句子從頭至尾語調(diào)平直,沒有顯著高低變化的,它的特點(diǎn)是整句話語語氣平緩,表示莊重、嚴(yán)肅、厭惡、冷淡和一般的敘述說明的意思。

(四)快慢相宜。朗誦的速度是由作品思想內(nèi)容、人物性格、人物年齡、人物感情、語句的性質(zhì)等因素決定的。速度恰當(dāng),就能表達(dá)出作品的不同情境,產(chǎn)生良好的效果。

三、朗讀常見的毛病

(1)感情不真。朗讀的百病之源,關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)文章理解不深,分析不到位,沒有進(jìn)行想象和情感的滲透。

(2)方音不改。特別是使用方言的人往往有較為嚴(yán)重的方言語音傾向,所以要注意區(qū)分方言與普通話語音的發(fā)音區(qū)別,做到字正腔圓。

(3)速度不變。語速的快慢在一篇作品中并不是一成不變的,它要根據(jù)具體的內(nèi)容有所變化。說話要有節(jié)奏,該快的時(shí)候快,該慢的時(shí)候慢,該起的時(shí)候起,這樣有起伏有快慢,有輕重,才形成了語言的樂感和悅耳動(dòng)聽,否則話語不感人,不動(dòng)人。

(4)輕重不分。朗讀和說話時(shí),如果不能基本正確掌握普通話的輕重格式,聽起來語感上會(huì)不自然,還會(huì)帶明顯的方言語調(diào),普通話也就不純正了。

說話訓(xùn)練

說話就是用語言表達(dá)一定的意思,即說話者通過零碎的或者成段的話語傳遞自己的思想感情。聽者則通過說話者的話語來理解、判斷、接受并作出反饋。說話是人們?nèi)粘I鐣?huì)活動(dòng)中信息傳遞、感情交流和事務(wù)性活動(dòng)開展的重要手段之一,也是一項(xiàng)最基本的語言技能。

一、說話的基本要求

(一)語音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。說話時(shí)所有音節(jié)都達(dá)到普通話的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即聲、韻、調(diào)正確,無系統(tǒng)的方音錯(cuò)誤,無方音尾巴。

(二)詞匯準(zhǔn)確。說話一項(xiàng)的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有一項(xiàng),即詞匯、語法完全無錯(cuò)誤。應(yīng)試者必須克服方言影響,摒棄方言詞匯,特別注意克服方言語氣。但由于普通話詞匯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是開放的,它不斷從方言中吸收富有表現(xiàn)力的詞匯來豐富、完善自己的詞匯系統(tǒng),因此普通話水平測(cè)試允許應(yīng)試人使用較為常用的新詞語和方言詞語。

(三)語流自然流暢。要做到自然,就要按照日??谡Z的語音、語調(diào)來說話,不要帶著朗讀或者背誦的腔調(diào)。

(四)盡量口語化。說話本來是一種無文字底稿的即興講說,由于是測(cè)試,許多人準(zhǔn)備了文字材料,甚至能夠背誦,如果把此項(xiàng)測(cè)試變?yōu)楸痴b材料,則會(huì)在語音中帶上較濃的書面文字色彩,失掉說話應(yīng)有的語調(diào)、情感的起伏,出現(xiàn)背書腔。從本質(zhì)上講,全脫稿式口語表述所能脫離的是稿紙,而非內(nèi)容。脫稿,即是把稿紙上的文字內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換成記憶中的信息代碼,然后,再在思維機(jī)制的控制下,按照“編碼”程序逐字逐句地轉(zhuǎn)化為口頭表述的語言。因此,要將原文字稿件中的復(fù)句、長句改為短句,將一些拗口的詞語改為平易、自然的口語詞匯。另外,即使所有的內(nèi)容已熟記于心,也要注意不能操之過急。

(五)內(nèi)容豐滿,緊扣話題。測(cè)試大綱對(duì)說話內(nèi)容的立意、選材、布局、謀篇并未提出具體的要求,但布局謀篇、內(nèi)容豐滿也是題中應(yīng)有之意。圍繞話題說話如同口語作文,也有審題、選材、布局等方面的問題。

二、說話測(cè)試中常出現(xiàn)的問題

1、表達(dá)緊張。緊張是應(yīng)試者在說話測(cè)試中最常遇見的問題,很多人因過度緊張導(dǎo)致測(cè)試水平下降,不如平時(shí)放松狀態(tài)下說得好。

2、表達(dá)內(nèi)容貧乏。

3、說話不流暢、不自然。

三、解決說話測(cè)試中常見問題的方法與建議

(一)解決表達(dá)緊張的方法與建議

說話緊張又不同的原因,有的應(yīng)試者是因?yàn)樾睦碓?,有的?yīng)試者是普通話語音面貌不理想造成的,還有的人是經(jīng)驗(yàn)缺乏帶來的緊張,必須區(qū)別對(duì)待。

1、對(duì)于習(xí)慣性緊張的應(yīng)試者的建議

(1)進(jìn)行說話練習(xí)時(shí),多讓別人幫助聽聽,逐漸使說話者心理適應(yīng)說話的客觀環(huán)境。這一訓(xùn)練需要一個(gè)過程,要堅(jiān)持不懈,不能操之過急。

(2)應(yīng)試過程中盡量做到注意力集中。高度專注于自己的話題內(nèi)容,是忘掉客觀環(huán)境、排除心理干擾因素的最好辦法。緊張往往是對(duì)自己的表現(xiàn)、環(huán)境反應(yīng)太在意而造成的心理壓力。

2、對(duì)于語音負(fù)擔(dān)壓力較大的應(yīng)試者的建議

(1)應(yīng)試前切切實(shí)實(shí)地加強(qiáng)語音基本功的訓(xùn)練,運(yùn)用語音規(guī)律掌握幾種有針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練方法。

(2)語音練習(xí)首先應(yīng)注意“質(zhì)”,其次以一定“量”作為鞏固保證,真正落實(shí)語午零件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的練習(xí)只能進(jìn)—步鞏固練習(xí)者自身本有的語音缺點(diǎn)。

(3)將語音練習(xí)落實(shí)到詞、句與語流之中。嚴(yán)格地說,單個(gè)孤立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音節(jié)是很準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入自然語流的,自然語流并不等于孤立音節(jié)的簡單相加。

(4)運(yùn)用朗讀形式練習(xí)并鞏固規(guī)范的語音、語流。

(5)從日常生活表達(dá)練起,要給說話多留一點(diǎn)兒練習(xí)時(shí)間,多說之外還要多聽、多琢磨。只有真正了解自己的問題所在,并掌握正確的糾正方法,練習(xí)才有實(shí)效。

3、對(duì)于缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)與臨場經(jīng)驗(yàn)者的建議

多利用發(fā)言的機(jī)會(huì)大膽開口,對(duì)自己的要求不要太苛刻,不要為自己訂立一步登F的不切實(shí)際的目標(biāo)。正視自己的弱點(diǎn),同時(shí),客觀地肯定自己的進(jìn)步,逐步樹立自能表達(dá)好的信心。

(二)解決說話內(nèi)容貧乏的方法與建議

1、打開言語思路。想問題不要只專注于某一點(diǎn)上,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)發(fā)散型思維能力的培養(yǎng),多動(dòng)腦筋,多參加實(shí)踐。

2、認(rèn)真審題。所謂審題就是拿到說話話題后,對(duì)話題作一番研究,找出表達(dá)的中心。

社交口才訓(xùn)練

所謂社交口才,就是指人與人之間在社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)中所表現(xiàn)出的語言藝術(shù)或才能,即善于用準(zhǔn)確、貼切、生動(dòng)的口語表達(dá)自己思想、意愿的一種能力。

一、提交在社交中應(yīng)變力的方法

語言隨機(jī)應(yīng)變能力,對(duì)人們的社交活動(dòng)具有重要的作用。一般來說,提高在社交中應(yīng)變力的方法有以下幾種:

1、含蓄回答,反擊刁難

當(dāng)你遇到自己不想回答或不便回答而別人又偏偏緊緊抓住不放、執(zhí)意打聽的事時(shí),這時(shí)你即使心中不快,也不能顯出憤怒,應(yīng)冷靜、沉著、巧妙地應(yīng)對(duì)。

2、彌補(bǔ)失誤,順利交流

“一言既出,駟馬難追”,由于時(shí)間緊促,不容周全地考慮,這“一言”往往發(fā)生些差錯(cuò),這就需要表達(dá)者靈活應(yīng)變,彌補(bǔ)過失,糾正偏頗。

3、應(yīng)付意外,完成預(yù)定任務(wù)

意外情況往往非表達(dá)者本人的過失,也不是對(duì)方故意刁難,而是其他未知的情況所致。隨機(jī)應(yīng)變能力強(qiáng)的人能夠自圓其說,補(bǔ)救失誤,能反擊對(duì)方攻勢(shì),兵來將擋,水來土掩,還能應(yīng)付意外,出色完成任務(wù)。它展現(xiàn)了人的才能與智慧,增強(qiáng)人的魅力,使一個(gè)人在人際交往中處于有利的位置。

就實(shí)際情況而言,在社會(huì)交際中不可避免地會(huì)遇到難以預(yù)料的發(fā)問。這時(shí)就需要巧言妙語靈活應(yīng)對(duì),如遇到難以言對(duì)的“鋒芒”發(fā)問,就應(yīng)巧妙運(yùn)用“避鋒法”而回?fù)糁?/p>

二、介紹的技巧

(一)自我介紹的技巧

自我介紹是我們跨入社交圈、結(jié)交更多朋友的第一步。如何介紹自己,給對(duì)方或其他人留下深刻的印象,使得他人能夠和自己有共同的話題,使談話得以繼續(xù),可以說這是一門藝術(shù),這與個(gè)人的氣質(zhì)、修養(yǎng)、思維和口才密不可分,同時(shí)也和自己的幽默感、風(fēng)趣度以及說話的方式有很大的聯(lián)系。

自我介紹的時(shí)候,要注意以下幾點(diǎn):

1、要有勇氣和信心

在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,有的人不善于交際,怕見陌生人,在陌生人面前不知如何開口,更不敢主動(dòng)介紹自己。他們未開口臉已先紅,一開口則結(jié)結(jié)巴巴,不知所云。這樣的人是無法進(jìn)行社交活動(dòng)的,這種膽怯心理是交際中的一大障礙。我們應(yīng)該一方面樹立信心,相信自己不會(huì)比別人差,另一方面努力鍛煉自己的口才,培養(yǎng)自己的社交能力。這樣就會(huì)逐漸克服膽怯心理,在社交場合中應(yīng)對(duì)自如了。

2、要自然、親切隨和

自我介紹時(shí),要自然、親切、隨和,切忌過分親熱,如用力握住別人的手、說過分夸張的話等,這會(huì)使對(duì)方覺得你矯揉造作,輕浮而不莊重,因而產(chǎn)生反感。當(dāng)然,這并不是說在自我介紹中完全不能有強(qiáng)烈的感情,充滿深厚的感情是可以的,有時(shí)還是必要的,但一定要看場合,而且要自然、誠摯。

(二)介紹他人的技巧

為他人介紹是第三者為彼此不相識(shí)的雙方引見的介紹方式。在一般情況下,為他人介紹都是雙向的,即第三者對(duì)被介紹的雙方都作一番介紹。

有些情況下,也可只將被介紹者中的一方向另一方介紹,但前提是前者已知道、了解后者的身份,而后者不了解前者。為他人作介紹的介紹者,通常是社交活動(dòng)中的東道主,家庭聚會(huì)中的主人,公務(wù)交往中的禮儀專職人員,正式活動(dòng)中地位、身份較高者,如熟悉被介紹的雙方,又應(yīng)一方或雙方的要求,也可充當(dāng)介紹人。

三、與陌生人交談的技巧

1、察言觀色,尋找共同點(diǎn)。

一個(gè)人的心理狀態(tài)、精神追求、生活愛好等,都或多或少地在他的表情、服飾、談吐、舉止等方面有所表現(xiàn),只要你善于觀察,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你們的共同點(diǎn)。

2、以話試探,偵察共同點(diǎn)。

兩個(gè)陌生人為了打破沉默的局面,開口講話是首要的??梢砸源蛘泻糸_場,詢問對(duì)方籍貫、身份等,從中獲取信息,可以通過聽口音、言辭,偵察對(duì)方情況,可以以動(dòng)作開場,邊幫對(duì)方做某些急需幫助的事,邊以話試探,也可以借火吸煙,甚至可以在發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)方特點(diǎn)后尋找開口交際的局面。

3、聽人介紹,猜度共同點(diǎn)。

去朋友家串門,遇到有陌生人在座,這個(gè)時(shí)候,主人會(huì)馬上出面為雙方介紹,說明雙方與主人的關(guān)系、各自的身份、工作單位,甚至個(gè)性特點(diǎn)、愛好等,細(xì)心人從介紹中馬上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)方與自己有什么共同之處。

四、求助的技巧

1、委婉含蓄法。

即通過含蓄的表達(dá)方式,如借助插人語、疑問句等有關(guān)句型和語氣來避免求助的唐突。你可以試著比較這兩句話的效果:“打擾一下,您能不能幫我把這件事情辦一下?”“你快點(diǎn)替我把這事辦一下!”不難看出,委婉的表達(dá)方式要比直接的表達(dá)方式禮貌得多,也更容易得到別人的理解和幫助。

2、大事化小法。

社交中,人們?cè)谔岢瞿承┱?qǐng)求時(shí),盡量把自己的要求說得很小,以便對(duì)方順利接受,滿足自己的愿望和要求。這樣既可以減輕給別人帶來的心理壓力,也便于自己開口求助他人。例如:“這件事情只要你幫我解決這一個(gè)方面就可以了,其余的我自己再想辦法。拜托啦!”

3、虔誠恭敬法。

在請(qǐng)求別人幫助時(shí),應(yīng)結(jié)合對(duì)方的心理情緒、興趣愛好等因素說好話,虔誠恭敬的態(tài)度是很關(guān)鍵的。通過彬彬有禮、恭敬有加的方式把有關(guān)請(qǐng)求表達(dá)出來,會(huì)使對(duì)方感到備受尊重而樂意幫忙。例如:“弟子們都在恭候您老的大駕光臨呢!”

4、換位體諒法。

請(qǐng)求別人幫助時(shí),也應(yīng)從對(duì)方的角度來體諒對(duì)方的感受,再把自己的要求或想法適時(shí)地表達(dá)出來。例如:“我知道你現(xiàn)在也有困難,不過我也實(shí)在沒辦法,只好來麻煩你了。”

5、述說因果法。

在提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)把具體原因講出來,讓對(duì)方感到很有道理,應(yīng)該給予幫助。尤其是在職場中,常常要為公務(wù)求人,而陳述有關(guān)既定規(guī)定的做法比較通用。這也比個(gè)人發(fā)號(hào)施令要禮貌得多。例如:“這是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)點(diǎn)名由你來負(fù)責(zé)的,所以這事非你莫屬了。”

6、旁敲側(cè)擊法。

求助他人時(shí)有時(shí)不必事事詳細(xì)講明,在很多情況下,只要把有關(guān)意思暗示給對(duì)方即可,這樣雙方自然都會(huì)心領(lǐng)神會(huì)。例如:“哎,最近我手頭上的事情真是太多了,忙得焦頭爛額啊?!保ㄑ酝庵猓骸澳隳軒臀乙稽c(diǎn)忙嗎?)

六、拒絕別人的技巧

1、借故推脫。

在對(duì)方提出需求后,可以采取一些非個(gè)人理由的借口,來表示自己的無可奈何。這樣也很容易被人理解,從而達(dá)到巧妙拒絕的效果。

2、先揚(yáng)后抑。

先揚(yáng)后抑是在拒絕之前先表示同情、理解,甚至同意,而后再巧妙拒絕,使拒絕之辭委婉而含蓄。

3、轉(zhuǎn)移話題。

對(duì)于一些礙于情面不適合當(dāng)面拒絕的要求,不必馬上說“不”,可以采取轉(zhuǎn)移話題、答非所問、尋找借口等方式暫時(shí)把對(duì)方的焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移開,從而達(dá)到間接拒絕的目的。

4、直截了當(dāng)。

如果你采取了很多措施拒絕別人,而對(duì)方還是不能領(lǐng)會(huì)或者領(lǐng)會(huì)了還糾纏不休,那你就可以考慮直接拒絕他了凱尤其是當(dāng)對(duì)方提出違背原則的要求時(shí),你更要敢于說“不”,不給對(duì)方留任何希望和僥幸的機(jī)會(huì)。

七、化解尷尬的技巧

1、轉(zhuǎn)移話題,制造輕松氣氛

在交際場合中,如果某個(gè)較為嚴(yán)肅、敏感的問題弄得交談雙方很對(duì)立,甚至阻礙交談?wù)m樌M(jìn)行時(shí),我們可以暫時(shí)對(duì)此回避一下,通過轉(zhuǎn)移話題,用一些輕松、愉快的話題來活躍氣氛,轉(zhuǎn)移雙方的注意力,或者通過幽默的話語將嚴(yán)肅的話題淡化,使原來僵持的場面重新活躍起來,從而緩和尷尬的局面。

例如,朋友之間為了某個(gè)問題爭得面紅耳赤、僵持不下時(shí),可以適時(shí)說一句“要把這個(gè)問題爭得明白,比國家足球隊(duì)贏球還難”,或者說一個(gè)笑話,讓雙方的情緒平緩下來,在輕松的氣氛中讓尷尬消失殆盡,使交際活動(dòng)得以順利進(jìn)行。

2、找個(gè)借口,給對(duì)方臺(tái)階下

有些人之所以在交際活動(dòng)中陷入窘境,常常是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谔囟ǖ膱龊献鞒隽瞬缓蠒r(shí)宜或不合情理的舉動(dòng),于是造成整個(gè)局面的尷尬和難堪。在這種情形下,最行之有效的打圓場的方法,莫過于換一個(gè)角度或找一個(gè)借口,以合情合理的解釋來證明對(duì)方有悖常理的舉動(dòng)在此情此景中是正當(dāng)?shù)?、無可厚非的,這樣一來,對(duì)方的尷尬解除了正常的人際關(guān)系也得以繼續(xù)下去了。

3、善意曲解,化干戈為玉帛

在交際活動(dòng)中,交際的雙方或第三者由于彼此言語之間造成誤會(huì),常常會(huì)說出一些讓別人感到驚訝的話語,做出一些怪異的行為舉止,從而導(dǎo)致尷尬和難堪場面的出現(xiàn)。為了緩解這種局面,我們可以采用故意“誤會(huì)”的辦法,裝作不明白或故意不理睬他們言語行為的真實(shí)含義,而從善意的角度來作出有利于化解尷尬局面的解釋,即對(duì)該事件加以善意的曲解,將局面朝有利于緩解的方向引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化。

善意的曲解并不是單純地“和稀泥"“搗襁糊”,而是彌補(bǔ)別人—時(shí)的疏忽,消解對(duì)方心中的誤解和不快,保證人際交往的正常進(jìn)行,因而是一種很有效也很有必要的交際手段。

4、審時(shí)度勢(shì),讓各方都滿意

有時(shí)在某種場合中,當(dāng)交際雙方因彼此不滿意對(duì)方的看法而爭執(zhí)不休時(shí),很難說誰對(duì)誰錯(cuò)。作為調(diào)解者應(yīng)該理解爭執(zhí)雙方此時(shí)的心理和情緒,不要厚此薄彼,以免加深雙方的差異,并對(duì)雙方的優(yōu)勢(shì)和價(jià)值都予以肯定,在一定程度上來滿足他們的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)心理,在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上,再拿出雙方都能接受的建設(shè)性意見,這樣就容易為雙方所接受。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話是我國的通用語言和世界上使用人口最多的語言,也是世界上影響最大的六種語言之一。學(xué)好普通話不僅是法律賦予公民的神圣權(quán)利和義務(wù),而且還是一個(gè)人基本素質(zhì)和能力的體現(xiàn)。學(xué)好普通話,走遍天下都不怕。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4OSS0uYKAM8mKNSgwFphh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話概述","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIiMe6kYcYK22IV3Xsob4Te"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話是以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音,以北方話為基礎(chǔ)方言,以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范的現(xiàn)代漢民族共同語。這是1955年召開的全國文字改革會(huì)議和現(xiàn)代漢語規(guī)范問題學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議對(duì)普通話的含義做出的明確界定。它的內(nèi)涵如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOQAy2M2iomEErjo8KRzjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、普通話以北京語音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"以北京語音作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音是就普通話整體而言,并不是北京話里的每一個(gè)語音成分都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范的,北京話不完全是普通話。北京話的語音,由于各種原因仍然與普通話存在著一些分歧,例如異讀現(xiàn)象和一些土話成分等。在北京話語音里,輕聲和兒化音也特別多。北京話常常把三音節(jié)詞中間那個(gè)字","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"“兒”化掉","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",叫人聽不清楚,如“不兒道(不知道)”“告兒他(告訴他)”,等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsu6KK66COUM6mci71RW4Wf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、普通話以北方方言為基礎(chǔ)方言。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"普通話在詞匯方面以北方方言作為基礎(chǔ)方言,充分考慮了北方方言詞匯使用人口眾多和分布廣泛的情況。例如“今天”“下午”,從華北到東北、西北、西南的北方話、北方方言區(qū),含義都一樣,大家都懂。而吳方言、閩方言則把“今天”說成“今朝”“該日”,這就要求“少數(shù)服從多數(shù)”了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAuqi8YWwU6muCoMZVDEqjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、普通話以典范的現(xiàn)代白話文著作為語法規(guī)范。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)代白話文是以北京方言為基礎(chǔ)的,在白話文著作里,由于書面語是經(jīng)過作者反復(fù)推敲而提煉加工的比較成熟的語言,具有很強(qiáng)的普遍性、確定性和穩(wěn)定性,不但語法有很明確的規(guī)范性,詞匯有廣泛的通用性,而且文字簡練明白,修辭恰當(dāng),邏輯性強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmw86auuqIqMWeyT4j2y9rd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握語音知識(shí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSiGcy8iIe2QIQ522VLdu8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話的聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)、語流音變規(guī)律、音節(jié)拼合規(guī)律是普通話語音的基礎(chǔ),學(xué)習(xí)普通話首先要掌握這些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本規(guī)律。學(xué)習(xí)普通話基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),明確自己的普通話還存在哪些方面的不足,知其然且知其所以然,有目的地糾正自己的語音錯(cuò)誤和語音缺陷,就能使學(xué)習(xí)普通話事半功倍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqUo6uegMQ4OWC68dM0xzug"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音節(jié)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Q604QiomQuU2z1sbHCfCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音節(jié)是語音的自然單位,是人們聽覺上能夠自然感到的、分辨得出的最小的語音單位。例如“學(xué)習(xí)普通話”是五個(gè)音節(jié),是五個(gè)語音的自然單位,聽的人語感上很清楚,說的人語感上也很清楚。從發(fā)音上來說,一個(gè)音節(jié)是發(fā)音過程中發(fā)音器官的肌肉從緊張到松弛的一次過程;從聽音來說,每一個(gè)音節(jié)都有一個(gè)明顯的響度中心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8m0qoSGYEEc6kZlkSI6P8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在普通話里,一般來說一個(gè)音節(jié)就是一個(gè)漢字的讀音。只有“兒化韻”這樣的個(gè)別情況例外,如:“花兒”,讀起來是一個(gè)音節(jié)“huar”,寫起來卻是兩個(gè)字。普通話的基本音節(jié)大體上有四百多個(gè)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniY0awIGk60ycy8am2QJ2Wf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音素","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQwkMqegO4GgI714M6LpUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音素是從音色的角度劃分出來的最小的語音單位。絕大多數(shù)音節(jié),往往可以從音色的角度分析出最小的語音單位。例如“振”(zhen)可以劃分出zh,e,n三個(gè)不同的音素,“華”(hud)可以劃分出h,u,a三個(gè)不同的音素。它們都是最小的不可再分析的語音單位。如果從發(fā)音器官的變化來看,一個(gè)音素就是發(fā)音器官的一次變化活動(dòng),如a,i,n,h,每個(gè)音發(fā)音時(shí)發(fā)音器官只有一次變化活動(dòng),因此,它們都是單個(gè)音素。又如ao,ai,ta,fa,每組發(fā)音時(shí)發(fā)音器官有兩次明顯的變化活動(dòng),因此,它們都是由兩個(gè)音素構(gòu)成的。漢語里的音節(jié)最少的只有一個(gè)音素,如“阿”(a);最多的有四個(gè)音素,如“江”(jiang)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSwUKqQ4acQKM5BCb6K8ld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音素按其發(fā)音特點(diǎn)可以分為兩大類,即元音和輔音。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"元音和輔音的主要區(qū)別是:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKOw8I8mYuWqawLRdqFtdrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)輔音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流經(jīng)過口腔或咽頭要受到某一部位的阻礙;元音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流在口腔或咽頭不受阻礙。這是元音和輔音的根本區(qū)別。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUwQEG0aemSQMlMi9ku4Vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)元音發(fā)音時(shí),發(fā)音器官各部位保持均衡緊張狀態(tài);輔音發(fā)音時(shí),只有受阻的部位才特別緊張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkyGmWoEmw0OE2hwAacxQEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)元音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流較弱;輔音發(fā)音時(shí),氣流較強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnImioMcGOwaOOWY9M4qeuRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)元音發(fā)音時(shí),聲帶振動(dòng),聲音比較響亮;輔音發(fā)音時(shí),一般聲帶不振動(dòng)(只有少數(shù)輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)),聲音一般不響亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4I6CcY6wMCsuYulWeUAMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2YEioWgOq6okZzK2HgJ3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"按照漢語傳統(tǒng)的語音分析方法,漢語音節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)成分包括聲母、韻母和聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSEmU0YQak6kKo0L3wv7Cf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、聲母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"指一個(gè)音節(jié)開頭的輔音。例如“中”(zhōng)這個(gè)音節(jié)里,輔音zh就是它的聲母。有些音節(jié)不是以輔音開頭,就是說沒有聲母(聲母為“零”),習(xí)慣上稱為“零聲母”,這樣的音節(jié)就稱為“零聲母音節(jié)”。例如“愛”(ài)、“恩”(ēn)“雨”(yǔ)等開頭都沒有輔音,它們都是零聲母音節(jié)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn02AMQw4eUK2CAXAGfBgmSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"指音節(jié)中聲母后面的部分。例如“華”(huá)這個(gè)音節(jié)里,ua就是它的韻母。零聲母音節(jié)整個(gè)由韻母組成,例如:“安”(ān)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU4WKWYkEIiweOSK6TR71cf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"聲母、韻母、聲調(diào)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6b15aef204aa4a3cb049478470a7eb96","width":815},"text":"","id":"doxcnoQemGaCiA0CkaOmFYTz8Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、聲調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"指音節(jié)中具有區(qū)別意義作用的高低升降變化。如“媽”(m?。ⅰ奥椤保╩á)、“馬”","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(mǎ)、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"“罵”(mà)四個(gè)音節(jié),其聲母、韻母完全相同,但聲調(diào)不同:“媽”(m?。┦歉叨剑奥椤保╩á)是上升的,“馬”(mǎ)是先降后升的,“罵”(mà)是下降的。它們意義的不同就是通過聲調(diào)來區(qū)別的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniC8CUuCiqKIyQbyHj6ogZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握發(fā)音原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGuOauWimySYIcPIrY7MMJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"學(xué)習(xí)普通話語音,必須了解各個(gè)發(fā)音器官在發(fā)音時(shí)的作用以及不同語音的發(fā)音原理,比如聲母的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法、韻母在發(fā)音時(shí)舌位和唇形的情況、聲調(diào)主要是由音高決定的、聲調(diào)在發(fā)音時(shí)如何控制聲帶的松緊等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUG8OKQuiIq0WAJv41PP6ac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話的聲母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncA0YSWmsckuCuepF4iKgPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、聲母的分類","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsqcyuuKOIaySUVeCTAQkpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"聲母是音節(jié)開頭的輔音。普通話語音系統(tǒng)中,做聲母的輔音共21個(gè),它們是:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"b,p,m,f,d,t,n,l,g,k,h,j,q,x,zh,ch,sh,r,z,c,s","id":""},{"type":"text","text":";加上“零聲母”,則是22個(gè)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyY8e0YKG0QiMmcaV6izTMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、普通話聲母的發(fā)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsaAYaeMIs2WMo7ha2fXpCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"聲母的發(fā)音有“本音”和“呼讀音”兩種。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"完全按照輔音的發(fā)音原理,發(fā)出的聲母的讀音叫本音。由于普通話聲母中多數(shù)是清輔音聲母,其本音為不帶音,發(fā)音不響亮,在無元音拼合的情況下難以顯示其音色特點(diǎn),不便于稱說,所以在教學(xué)中常常在聲母后面加上一個(gè)元音,實(shí)際上已組成了一個(gè)音節(jié),以方便不同聲母的稱讀,這就是呼讀音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWMiKQIg6EssCSLSb1rdNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"聲母呼讀音的發(fā)音規(guī)律是:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuSAkwgE4qaWaS0j3zqPMGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)在b,p,m,f后面加上元音o,讀成“bo(玻),po坡(坡),mo(摸),fo(佛)”。在d,t,n,l,g,k,h后面加上元音e,讀成“de(得),te(特),ne(訥),le(勒),ge(哥),ke(科),he(喝)”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KiSWe2CWo8sZ7vHhoh8cS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)在j,q,x后面加上元音i,讀成ji(基),qi(欺),xi(希)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAeQSM2Gow4CK6wtwUzsmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)在zh,ch,sh,r的后面加上舌尖后元音i,讀成zhi(知),chi(吃),shi(詩),ri(日)。在z,c,s的后面加上舌尖后元音i,讀成zi(資),ci(雌),si(思)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmgAYESQ8AGwAeahaxxQBHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"學(xué)習(xí)普通話語音,除了呼讀音之外,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"重點(diǎn)要掌握聲母的本音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",因?yàn)橹挥杏帽疽舾嵞赶嗥矗攀钦_的拼讀。結(jié)合聲母的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法,可以對(duì)聲母的發(fā)音情況進(jìn)行綜合描寫。以下分別說明每個(gè)聲母的發(fā)音情況,同時(shí)舉出例詞,以練習(xí)發(fā)音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY8kUE2kUG2qmigJlLYELgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)雙唇音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI0qkOyY2cEyWQph1NDx4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"雙唇音是由","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"上唇","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"和","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"下唇","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"接觸而使語流受阻而構(gòu)成的一種輔音。發(fā)音時(shí),發(fā)音部位的著力點(diǎn)應(yīng)集中在雙唇中央1/3處,使字音清晰有力度。注意一定不要抿唇、裹唇,以免字音悶暗不清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnowO4sa6WQWIicfbB2Yia4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"塞音:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí)氣流通路完全閉塞。閉塞后突然解除障礙發(fā)出","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"噪音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"即為爆破音,不解除障礙的為閉塞音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmiCYWIaosuwIWYnwAq9TCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"鼻音:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),口腔氣流通路阻塞,軟腭下垂,鼻腔通氣發(fā)出的聲音。鼻音按發(fā)音方法分類的一類輔音。發(fā)音時(shí),口腔中的氣流通路被阻塞,軟顎下垂,氣流通過鼻腔。一般的鼻音也可以視為塞音的一種,因?yàn)榘l(fā)音的時(shí)候,氣流通路被阻礙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaiaMGqiCAoqGzCGkuoMJLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、b:雙唇、不送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEgEuqCIysQws2Jm0XPUpOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,包辦、斑白、標(biāo)兵、奔波、辨別。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoeskw0YWKG06Uj3fXdERmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),雙唇閉攏,阻塞氣流,除阻階段突然放開爆發(fā)成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEYUss62W2iee8rToAYOVJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、p:雙唇、送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIQaUc0wegkAgZkJMpt8we"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,澎湃、品評(píng)、偏頗、批判、鋪排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns8QOqaoWCaaC4TCayApXhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音情況與b大致相同,只是b氣流較弱,而p氣流較強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUEGwcOysM2OM23YcpAClSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、m:雙唇、濁、鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wK648cSKCOuw51NHWbDQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,明媚、茂密、盲目、美妙、泯滅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsSke2I46YgKSGcj9mu7wzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),雙唇閉攏,軟腭下垂,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEQAqUemaUAwIGmEUq3w7qg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)唇齒音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnumcOkWgIwqmMaGc5DbnL7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唇齒音是利用上齒與下唇相接的阻礙發(fā)出的輔音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuQCmuUECO8wWUzFjDfQUyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"擦音:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"口腔通路縮小,氣流從中擠出而發(fā)的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"輔音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGyWSWiGQSC0iY5NXG2qhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"f:唇齒、清、擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaik2KMA8O2eIiv589ZIQMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,芳菲、發(fā)憤、豐富、非凡、福分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQc2komIwocQfOigkrC5jP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),下唇接近上齒,形成窄縫,氣流從縫隙中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUSK2uCQ6yEkKag3oK5nOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(三)舌尖中音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0e4sSmYsIa8O8nB5zKfLjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌尖中音是由舌尖和上齒齦對(duì)發(fā)音氣流構(gòu)成阻礙而形成的發(fā)音。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQeagQ6w2GsICu5FdPflSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、d:舌尖中、不送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkko226mc8gxeJta6rTDTJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,調(diào)動(dòng)、到達(dá)、等待、斷定、擔(dān)當(dāng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM0ugcEWSG6CYqlyk3czUrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,阻塞氣流,然后突然放開爆發(fā)成音,氣流較弱,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22s4aIswIe8k8yKrFzz19b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、t:舌尖中、送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKE4kCyQEm06yoRg4y0RQOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,忐忑、妥帖、天體、探討、疼痛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiA0kEWIiIG0iYNABMKNqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音情況與d大致相同,只是d氣流較弱,t氣流較強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUmUQK0I04kwz9j7WBNzv6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、n:舌尖中、濁、鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0y4W0CgsqcAmox6iAzmwdc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,奶牛、惱怒、男女、能耐、泥濘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACsGye2yWO6W8wuziYhqtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,阻塞氣流,軟腭下垂,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny0mCmc2umS86YK9SAvpVZl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、l:舌尖中、濁、邊音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYwKggAW8M4I0MLhlWiESVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,留戀、勞累、伶俐、冷落、理論。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖抵住上齒齦,軟腭上升,阻塞鼻腔通路,氣流從舌的兩邊通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkWsUYe0yCIw0qV1e026ve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(四)舌根音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnie46USI0WISeiOkUVXCIpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌根音是利用舌根隆起抵住軟腭的阻礙發(fā)出的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"輔音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuW8EggwiKWSw8CSZfWmNpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、g:舌根、不送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kGQ6UQAKeWkwliTP5DJld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,梗概、鞏固、改革、尷尬、觀光。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmow6iqM0gmOUqAP9UsIJZt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌根抵住軟腭,阻塞氣流,然后突然放開,爆發(fā)成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),流較弱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4sEqE6GqWwKQ2uyhCDTGQP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、k:舌根、送氣、清、塞音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWmisI4G662yKw3h1lAhVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,坎坷、困苦、慷慨、空曠、寬闊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2aCyMWuOw6y8yWiyiZUtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音情況與g大致相同,只是g氣流較弱,k氣流較強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2Kiso6Q8mcuK83R41Pk1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、h:舌根、清、擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKEomCksQeaUPTmL0Dfmfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,浩瀚、呵護(hù)、歡呼、輝煌、航海。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGOGMoYQQoIM23DhtMBRWW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌根靠近軟腭,留出一條窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskGUSYwuOImYcFJQ02wXeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(五)舌面音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaI0IyEEIC0OoUdmsQePWpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌面音指舌面前部抵住或接近硬腭前部,氣流在這一部位受到阻礙后形成的音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK0ISEEk26egawn9y75iuxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、j:舌面、不送氣、清、塞擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWioKsuYEiAEmGZzGXB9Mf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,矯健、警覺、季節(jié)、究竟、嘉獎(jiǎng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOEMceSigAKw68fXfD9JMT4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌面前部抵住硬腭﹐阻塞氣流,然后氣流沖開阻塞形成窄縫,摩擦成音,聲帶不顫動(dòng),氣流較弱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kswyMeUiU0sW0IOYGwFIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、q:舌面、送氣、清、塞擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngmi8Mm4g8O0wiKxIq9wADb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,牽強(qiáng)、乞求、欠缺、喬遷、親切。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6kIKQocq2QkeEyxDlzg5g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音情況與j大致相同,只是j氣流較弱,q氣流較強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2iEg4W8OqeUYni7tLLJ8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、x:舌面、清、擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAGieGI6U6WGS6TkAI8jn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,欣喜、現(xiàn)象、消閑、興許、修行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGkqQiKM006OCGdiFSIWRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),舌面前部靠近硬腭,形成窄縫,氣流從窄縫中摩擦而出,聲帶不顫動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQ0UYGgYIsuMQpxp4EaARd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(六)舌尖后音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneyQSUKAW4oescLMWmdjZ0f"},{"typ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面,元音中充當(dāng)韻尾的有兩個(gè)高元音i和u,此外還有兩個(gè)鼻輔音n和ng。例如,韻母uai,其中u是韻頭,a是韻腹,i是韻尾。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmiW4GKggOkauoB9wbFDoHc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話的韻母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/578fd5af2e99468baa7075ce14e313ea","width":926},"text":"","id":"doxcnmosmIk4OQeQqSUgFmxbtHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、普通話韻母的發(fā)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc4asWEo2O8MystTutThNxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"韻母發(fā)音時(shí)要注意口腔、舌位及唇形的配合。舌位的前、央、后,是指發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭隆起部分在口腔中所居的前后位置:舌位的高、半高、半低、低,是指發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭隆起部分的最高點(diǎn)同上腭距離的大小而言;舌位的降低或抬高與口腔的開合有關(guān),舌位越高,開口度越?。簧辔辉降?,開口度越大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng82ESM2YIucMwVgsBuPwxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)單韻母的發(fā)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnymoMmMgUswYQU1tx0ph8Be"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"單元音韻母分為三小類:舌面單韻母、舌尖單韻母、卷舌單韻母,接下來分別進(jìn)行講述。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU66ia6KokUKkgrB87eF4Ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、舌面單韻母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUUoEiMO2OWuEPL13rw7Zc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí)舌面起主要作用。普通話中共有7個(gè)舌面單韻母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü。元音的發(fā)音情況,可以用舌面元音舌位圖來表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn662EiYsMcY0UugsewZrOsg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":556,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話的韻母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e3a0125cf3424eb490d5f59e74226322","width":904},"text":"","id":"doxcnsMIYm4aYSqeuqucv0wIQSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最高最前的元音是i,最高最后的是u,最低最前是前a[a](普通話中ai的開頭部分),最低最后的是后a[a](普通話中ao的開頭部分)。普通話的舌面元音的發(fā)言范圍就在這四個(gè)音的范圍之內(nèi)。圖上的橫線代表舌位高低,豎線代表舌位的前后,豎線兩側(cè)為不圓唇和圓唇,根據(jù)這個(gè)圖,我們可以看出各個(gè)元音的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6C4qc6EkyiYyqIFHlxwDZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、舌尖單韻母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIq6UWaIKo0E2EHdK1FCkte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí)舌尖起主要作用,普通話中的舌尖單韻母只有兩個(gè):一個(gè)是跟z,c,s相拼的-i[?],一個(gè)是跟zh,ch,sh,r相拼的-i[?]。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WEuUQakmsg2wlzr4ZLp0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)-i[?]:舌尖、前、高、不圓唇元音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeU620OMWqg0k3FWIFTzZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,自私、次子、孜孜、字詞。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖前伸,接近上齒背,氣流通路雖窄,但不發(fā)生摩擦,唇形向兩邊自然展開。這個(gè)元音發(fā)音稍難,練習(xí)時(shí)可以把“思”的音拖長,尾音就是-i[?]了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW8OCOysiag2eSejFjPYS0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)-i[?]:舌尖、后、高、不圓唇元音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmsgikIkIcOMYhaIG5kEwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,支持、時(shí)事、日食、知識(shí)。發(fā)音時(shí),舌尖翹起靠近軟腭,氣流通過時(shí)沒有摩擦,唇形向兩邊自然展開。練習(xí)這個(gè)音時(shí)可以把“詩”的音拖長,尾音就是-i[?]。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmq48GSsKoSso8BEOKZhvQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、卷舌單韻母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OkAWmISWseWaKkpFylace"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話中只有一個(gè)卷舌韻母er,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)聲母發(fā)音時(shí)伴有卷舌動(dòng)作,所以稱為卷舌韻母。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUuycQYkmI80qaUJdXfSSaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"er[?]:卷舌,央,中,不圓唇元音。例如,兒、耳、爾、二。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQWOcyUY0eIEOuQOji63ynf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"er實(shí)際上是一個(gè)帶有卷舌色彩的央元音er[?],發(fā)音時(shí)嘴略開,舌位居于中央,唇形不圓,在發(fā)er[?]時(shí),舌尖向硬腭卷起就成為er,r在er中只表示卷舌動(dòng)作,不看成是輔音韻尾。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcS8SOmmMQ48WOOI9NYKdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)復(fù)韻母的發(fā)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuMECOsO0oY8kJ3k5oq02fB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"復(fù)韻母就是復(fù)元音韻母。復(fù)韻母的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)是:第一,從前一個(gè)元音到后一個(gè)元音,舌位、唇形都有一個(gè)逐漸變動(dòng)的過程,其間有一串過渡音,同時(shí)氣流不中斷。第二,復(fù)韻母的幾個(gè)元音在響度和清晰度等方面是不同的,其中有一個(gè)元音比較清晰響亮,是韻母的中心成分,為主要元音,稱為韻腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYY8C2UKOuUQMU3XGR6L4Wb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"韻腹一般是舌位較低,開口度較大的元音,如a、o、e、ê,如果前后沒有其他元音,i、u、ü也可以作韻腹。韻腹前面的元音是韻頭,也稱作介音,充當(dāng)韻頭的只有i,u,ü三個(gè)高元音。韻腹后面的音素是韻尾,只表示舌位移動(dòng)的方向,音值含混而不固定。復(fù)韻母的韻尾只有i,u兩個(gè)。ao,iao中的“o”都是“u”的改寫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYoEIs0WiiOOUvxsETzQTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、前響復(fù)韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"前響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在前的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí),前頭的元音清晰響亮,后頭的元音含混,音值不太固定,只表示舌位滑動(dòng)的方向。普通話韻母中共有4個(gè)前響復(fù)韻母ai,ei,ao,ou。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMiA2um4kImWCeWFEK50Zfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、后響復(fù)韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"后響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在后的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí)前面的元音輕而短、模糊,只表示舌位從那里開始移動(dòng),后面的元音清晰響亮。普通話韻母中共有五個(gè)后響復(fù)韻母:ia,ie,ua,uo,ue。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGyiac0EcQIysKoOa8CdEWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、中響復(fù)韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中響復(fù)韻母是指韻腹在中間的復(fù)韻母。發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音輕而短,中間的元音清晰響亮,后面的元音模糊,音值不太固定,只表示舌位滑動(dòng)的方向。普通話中的中響復(fù)韻母一共有四個(gè):iao,iou(拼音方案省寫為iu),uai,uei(拼音方案省寫為ui)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMayagGuua4ciyOkce3FvYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(三)鼻韻母的發(fā)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSGc4kaaKECwqyEzWVtVDQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻韻母是由元音帶鼻輔音韻尾構(gòu)成的。鼻韻母的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)是:由元音的發(fā)音狀態(tài)向鼻輔音的發(fā)音狀態(tài)過渡,鼻音色彩逐漸增加,最后完全成為鼻音。另外鼻音韻尾沒有解除阻礙的階段,這同鼻輔音作聲母時(shí)的情況有所不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUeuOEOUSsy8gstDQFRiCrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在普通話中,作韻尾的鼻輔音有兩個(gè):n和ng。韻尾n的發(fā)音情況和它作聲母時(shí)相同,只是不需解除阻礙。ng是舌根、濁、鼻音,發(fā)音時(shí)軟腭下降,打開鼻腔通路,舌根后面抵住軟腭,氣流從鼻腔通過,聲帶顫動(dòng)。ng在普通話中只作韻尾不作聲母,和韻尾n一樣,也沒有解除阻礙的階段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSMwWSea0QimyaqHNcXaCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":731,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話的韻母及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b4a4796c53ca4ace8b4254902055c67d","width":1060},"text":"","id":"doxcng8SaoEiWiaaIWgpKX7J2Tb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、前鼻音韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"普通話中共有8個(gè)前鼻音韻母;an,en,in,un,ian,uan,uan,uen。其中an,en,in,un開頭的元音是韻腹,ian,uan,uan,uen中間的元音是韻腹,開頭的元音是韻頭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48qEQ8EkCuUwo5VNLSRBMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、后鼻音韻母。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"普通話中一共有8個(gè)后鼻音韻母:ang,eng,ong,ing,iang,iong,uang,uengo其中ang,eng,ong,ing開頭的元音是韻腹,iang,iong,uang,ueng中間的元音是韻腹、開頭的元音是韻頭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQuAQMwsGECOeUb7BeCUTYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、韻母發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KS88eGskOi8QtpwVVaFde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)單韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8cUOi40wO6eMETEP8sqBnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、單韻母發(fā)音的特點(diǎn):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0UcKy2Wc6aE8eYQvIbPNSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音過程中舌位和唇形始終不變,發(fā)音時(shí)要保持固定的口型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQ6uIqE0AaYk4uCheVpUtt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)反復(fù)練讀i—é-a,u—o—a。體會(huì)舌位高低及開口度的變化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMeo40WQqC4SQoDNfBU12sd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)反復(fù)練讀ü—u,i(前)—-i(后)。體會(huì)舌位前后的變化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSskSAsYYwyy8Cq1458tO8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、繞口令練習(xí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2qoyuGAaOIoqUtSQ4LCwge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)一二三四五,我要學(xué)打鼓;打鼓怕用力,去學(xué)編斗簽;斗笠孔孔多,又去學(xué)補(bǔ)鍋;補(bǔ)鍋我嫌臟,再去學(xué)補(bǔ)碗;補(bǔ)碗怕打爛,趕快學(xué)劃船;劃艇太費(fèi)力,又去學(xué)殺雞;殺雞不斷氣,長出白胡須!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wmgqweYY0I6s1omENqARf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)一朵粉紅大荷花,趴著一只活蛤蟆。八朵粉紅大荷花,趴著八只活蛤蟆?;罡蝮?,叫呱呱,呱呱叫著爬上大荷花。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8CYGSisSKkEsWshM9VdwKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)小吳和小顧,跟著老盧學(xué)二胡。老盧時(shí)??湫☆櫍Ψ蚓毜檬臁P强嗑毨?,要趕上小顧超過老盧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscg6cMeoO46y2Lu0Be4Vkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SKuOi4AgKKs2Z6eziU9vb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、前響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kwgi26I2gaAGugSOQ5lYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音清晰響亮,音值稍大;后面的元音輕短模糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQce8SkO2US80q88ceJANdf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"字詞練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn68OsuQ2CWKGqAD6sjk5kyS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白費(fèi)、百草、排列、北斗、悲哀、茅臺(tái)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkYG0q8w80EemaQunva68b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"堡壘、報(bào)仇、購買、守備、逗號(hào)、佩戴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2aYEyswK8ucUcx7QMtda0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、后響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqwe4WWKEsoms4QzGMCSBue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),前面的元音輕短模糊,后面元音清晰響亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm4ssqMmcyOW2cVfBwI19Hh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"字詞練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2ga62aW6gc2yUVErVh9ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"雅座、佳話、枷鎖、下月、接洽、學(xué)業(yè)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsOigWykUAQkuKkkaxVAx0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"瓦解、花朵、化學(xué)、國家、唾液、雪花","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIQMyGSoEwg8SwTXbcof1gc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、中響復(fù)韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSM4WkSE64ooKYLOX5whDpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"發(fā)音時(shí),中間的元音清晰響亮,前后元音輕短模糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGIU0gsSoYqWYOhSa5tqMXA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"字詞練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWUsyImOCcicmqwXK4Mak5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"郊游、描繪、懷表、歪斜、垂柳、誘拐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2g82Awig8aSAghwOSfrRze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"傀儡、銷毀、搖擺、毀壞、翠鳥、摔跤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyEuwY6wQIycmGMhtdIMFEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(三)鼻韻母訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2c0oYKQyUsiID0OZNMcGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、前鼻正音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCO2g2qiWYuC48fjJqlheHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在前鼻韻母字后,加一個(gè)用d,t,n,l作聲母的音節(jié),兩字連續(xù),因發(fā)音部位相同(舌尖中音),后字可引襯前字的前鼻韻母歸音準(zhǔn)確。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6kcy4YeYMGioeQkfl2dilg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、后鼻正音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6C0yWqSwkOqeuncv8lDEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在后鼻韻母字的后面,加一個(gè)用g,k,h作聲母的音節(jié),兩字連續(xù),因發(fā)音部位相同(舌根音),后字可引襯前字的后鼻韻母歸音準(zhǔn)確。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngYWKqueWyOQ2qgrIyQ816c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話聲調(diào)及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoQKEEKk06MoGKOJyv5N4tb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、普通話的聲調(diào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwuEEuqymqgwKK5xGx566c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"漢語字音高低升降的調(diào)子就是聲調(diào),也叫字調(diào)。聲調(diào)與音長、音強(qiáng)都有關(guān)系,但本質(zhì)上是由音高決定的。音高的變化,從生理性質(zhì)的角度分析,是發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶的松緊造成的。聲帶松,氣流沖擊時(shí)音波顫動(dòng)次數(shù)少,頻率小,聲音就低;反之則高。如果聲帶由松到緊,聲音就由低變高;反之,聲帶由緊到松,聲音則由高變低。因此,控制聲帶松緊就可以形成不同的音高,也就構(gòu)成了不同的聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyiQ66K8K0OOIDXR2Rtuab"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":688,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話聲調(diào)及其發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bf3234b663d34d35a2f3824db18c8fb3","width":938},"text":"","id":"doxcnWOUCGWqCyGSwEXvBZUcYSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(普通話聲調(diào)表)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYyAQaa0OaqyqS6W1rlTYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、陰平。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"念高平,用五度標(biāo)記法來表示,就是從5到5,寫作[55]。聲帶繃到最緊,始終無明顯變化,保持音高。例如:珍惜光陰、青春光輝、春天花開、公司通知、新屋出租。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qCC2KeWoQ0GENyMFY4YPT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、陽平。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"念高升(或稱中升),起音比陰平稍低,然后升到高。用五度標(biāo)記法表示,就是從3升到5,寫作[353]。聲帶從不松不緊開始,逐步繃緊,直到最緊,聲音從不低不高到最高。例如:豪情昂揚(yáng)、人民團(tuán)結(jié)、回國華僑、連年和平、牛羊成群。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsasIkAeAAGWMMPfnFYc5je"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、上(shang)聲。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"念降升,起音半低,先降后升,用五度標(biāo)記法表示,是從2降到1再升到4,寫作[214]。聲帶從略微有些緊張開始,立刻松弛下來,稍稍延長,然后迅速繃緊,但沒有繃到最緊。例如:彼此理解、理想美滿、永遠(yuǎn)友好、處理穩(wěn)妥、遠(yuǎn)景美好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4g6mk4kaAy28MXdEaAOzIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、去聲。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"念高降(或稱全降),起音高,接著往下滑,用五度標(biāo)記法表示,是從5降到1,寫作[51]。聲帶從緊開始到完全松弛為止,聲音從高到低,音長是最短的。例如:變幻莫測(cè)、日夜奮戰(zhàn)、報(bào)告勝利、創(chuàng)造利潤、勝利在望。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUmGKq8g8omGWAHE9bTO6dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、聲調(diào)發(fā)音訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0qUoEMWOYQASHvMSVzsW5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、調(diào)值比較訓(xùn)練法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在教師的指導(dǎo)下,在反復(fù)練讀中比較普通話四聲調(diào)型的不同調(diào)值,掌握普通話的正確調(diào)值區(qū)域,培養(yǎng)聽辨能力,矯正發(fā)音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYyY8244sSKGMgjtyLbA64f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、聽調(diào)辨音訓(xùn)練法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"教師讀出某個(gè)漢字聲調(diào)的調(diào)值特點(diǎn),并作適當(dāng)夸張,念得響一些、慢一些(同時(shí)采用手勢(shì)輔助),以顯示聲調(diào)的音高變化,讓學(xué)生聽辨并說出調(diào)類。學(xué)生有了聽辨能力,就能通過聽收音機(jī)、錄音帶或看電視等有聲途徑高效率地自學(xué)普通話。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKu2Q2U2IgIOaIdxz12od6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、手勢(shì)助讀訓(xùn)練法","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。聲調(diào)發(fā)音時(shí),教師運(yùn)用手勢(shì)表示聲調(diào)的平、升、曲、降,運(yùn)用手勢(shì),把握音高的變化,形象地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生讀準(zhǔn)聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2ie8GakgYSgeI4Ggo7MQ4R"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、看調(diào)發(fā)音訓(xùn)練法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"學(xué)生看著調(diào)號(hào),依據(jù)調(diào)號(hào)大致顯示的音高變化讀準(zhǔn)聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2q6YuAsymuWRlZhP42OGH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、記住四聲的發(fā)音口訣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc4C0YOOAwASOsLO7qKPMmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"陰平起音高平莫低昂,氣勢(shì)平均不緊張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniIS8YSwOCwQQEVwfcDgkJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"陽平從中起音向上揚(yáng),用氣弱起逐漸強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniwMMAUAkg28yGA9cobsA7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上聲先降轉(zhuǎn)上挑,降時(shí)氣穩(wěn)揚(yáng)時(shí)強(qiáng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgiaiM2skkgKOB06Aq1D2m"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去聲高起直下降,降時(shí)到弱要通暢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMsAuwIeg82waAqYLDcdlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、遵循聲調(diào)訓(xùn)練步驟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCykEAcOkG6s88rRF3lCqKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)知:明確各種聲調(diào)的音高變化特點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc6AoEEAwOUqiIV1l8Gl2ph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)聽:聽辨調(diào)類并隨讀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUky2qw2GqK2e2w2OUSMZOi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)讀:自己練讀聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWAWGackM8yC8vBUSwdoKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)變:掌握變調(diào)規(guī)律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqsC0GqYwQ4kCgfJhSW71vb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)記:記住常用漢字聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY0eACuMAaMAyAD7SCNgz7b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話音變","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6y2SAyEGQi6aUffbngqdah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、變調(diào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWq0oSgIUOUiIG2n1lePO4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音節(jié)和音節(jié)相連時(shí),由于相互影響而使某些音節(jié)的聲調(diào)發(fā)生變化,這種現(xiàn)象叫作變調(diào)。普通話里最常見的變調(diào)現(xiàn)象有上聲變調(diào)、“一”“不”變調(diào)以及形容詞重疊的變調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEokMkegcwCws3rhn62elIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、上聲的變調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"普通話上聲音節(jié)除單念或處在詞尾、句尾時(shí)聲調(diào)不變外,在其他情況下都要發(fā)生變化??梢哉f上聲音節(jié)聲調(diào)的變化最大、最多,它在與其他音節(jié)結(jié)合時(shí),不是丟掉下降的部分,就是失掉上升的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne6qmc42AoCuCu4BSYwlQ9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、“一”“不”的變調(diào)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"?!耙弧薄安弧钡淖冋{(diào),是普通話里比較突出的音變現(xiàn)象。“一”“不”在單念或在詞句末尾時(shí),以及“一”作序數(shù)詞使用時(shí),聲調(diào)不變,讀原調(diào)?!耙弧钡脑{(diào)是陰平,“不”的原調(diào)是去聲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno04Ku8qU8M6igflf2veP6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、重疊形容詞的變調(diào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwy062EeESqmY2TlMijzMNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(1)單音節(jié)形容詞重疊(aa式)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"重疊部分如果兒化,第二個(gè)音節(jié)念成陰平〔55]。例如:慢慢兒(的)、好好兒、軟軟兒、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)兒。若重疊部分不兒化,則保持原調(diào)不變。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUy86a2KqYwqcRJ1mghQVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(2)雙音節(jié)形容詞后一個(gè)音節(jié)重疊(aBB式)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一般BB部分讀陰平。例如:綠油油、黑洞洞、沉甸甸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUM6kmAiGcyYe1slz1jdfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(3)雙音節(jié)形容詞重疊(aaBB式)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第二個(gè)音節(jié)讀輕聲,第三、四個(gè)音節(jié)(BB)讀陰平。例如:漂漂亮亮、老老實(shí)實(shí)。用漢語拼音方案拼寫音節(jié)時(shí),一般不寫變調(diào),而標(biāo)原聲調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmuaoQ2yygQiMuYSIM8vB0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、輕聲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUYGAcQqogUKMFN4ltkRwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、輕聲的概念及實(shí)際讀法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0k6ISmK6WYYaYHXW5ROKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在語流中,有的音節(jié)失去了原聲調(diào)而被讀成一個(gè)又短又輕的調(diào)子,這就是輕聲。例如:在“頭腦”“頭發(fā)”這些詞里,或單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)時(shí),“頭”讀陽平調(diào);可是,在“石頭”“木頭”“饅頭”這些詞里,“頭”讀得輕而短,變成了“tou”。輕聲只是一種特殊的音變現(xiàn)象。因此,輕聲不被看作是一種獨(dú)立的調(diào)類。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCkCK6kOoEMUqQTP1YnMLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、變讀輕聲的規(guī)律","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8eAESQGAw0Qw6J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":"text","text":"3、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是n時(shí),讀成na,寫成“哪”。例如:多鮮艷哪!真慢哪!小心哪!多好的人哪!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqk88kuye82ysBd5FapGDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是ng時(shí),讀成nga,仍寫成“啊”例如:高聲唱??!不行??!這樣成不成啊?認(rèn)真聽??!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmskwGewCG2kKaOeI0LgXOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、當(dāng)“啊”前一個(gè)音節(jié)末尾的音素是-i[?]時(shí),讀成ra,仍寫成“啊”例如:多好的同志??!是?。?#34;,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm4IkMu4Oq06yWQRbbGSNRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、前面的音素是-i[?],讀成za,仍寫成“啊”例如:這樣小的字??!你去過開封幾次???“","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkiOQ8SEeaGCMUZGJgzHiYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“啊”的音變情況可歸納為下表的內(nèi)容:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwuSQCyIYUC6CAlRaU02DCb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":271,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話音變","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e61dc2ab234f40cbad74fd61a2d16a8a","width":734},"text":"","id":"doxcnS4SIOSckce6iGCeabWujZc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"克服心理障礙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmMMks0EeiyOKoLfHGORNFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話并不難學(xué),難的是對(duì)心理狀態(tài)的調(diào)整和改善。許多同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)普通話時(shí)害怕自己因生硬別扭的發(fā)音出丑,或是畏懼長時(shí)間訓(xùn)練等困難,這些心理障礙常常使學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步緩慢。針對(duì)這種情況,我們需要及時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)心理狀態(tài)。放下心理包袱,大膽開口講。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Gqg0GkAEo8WaYxdgZ3wOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"任何學(xué)習(xí)都有一個(gè)從笨拙到熟練的過程,學(xué)習(xí)普通話也不例外,要盡早達(dá)到熟練程度,只有下苦功夫克服困難,戰(zhàn)勝畏懼心理,才能成為學(xué)習(xí)中的勝利者。反之,如果在學(xué)習(xí)中過分顧及面子,不敢坦然面對(duì)自己的發(fā)音缺陷,更不能以頑強(qiáng)的意志和艱苦的努力去克服、改善它,一味退避畏縮,其結(jié)果不僅使自己付出了時(shí)間和精力卻收效甚微,而且容易造成心理上的陰影,更會(huì)加重今后學(xué)習(xí)和生活的負(fù)擔(dān)??傊?,調(diào)整好心理狀態(tài),克服心理障礙,是學(xué)好普通話的重要前提。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC0iIeMw4wAGyiCmkckc1te"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"語言環(huán)境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns46KaYWSQMQSKUWrhZh7Qg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"任何語言都離不開具體的語言環(huán)境,它直接影響和制約著語言的學(xué)習(xí)和應(yīng)用。在學(xué)習(xí)普通話的過程中,我們一定要克服本地方言環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響,盡可能為自己創(chuàng)造一個(gè)有利的普通話環(huán)境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwEe0i2G0cwUOqMepGqFdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"校園、企事業(yè)單位、窗口行業(yè)、部隊(duì)軍營,都需要營造一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)和使用普通話的語言環(huán)境,這樣可以減輕學(xué)習(xí)和使用普通話初期巨大的心理壓力。有關(guān)部門、群眾團(tuán)體和學(xué)校的一些社團(tuán)可以通過組織豐富多彩的活動(dòng),提高人們對(duì)推廣普通話的認(rèn)識(shí);可以通過各種途徑、各種方式大力宣傳推廣普通話的意義;還可以通過創(chuàng)建“普通話角”等,營造一個(gè)學(xué)說普通話的小環(huán)境。作為個(gè)人,要抓住一切機(jī)會(huì)使用普通話。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8csGsU4uA0YGOcFYsbEoke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"學(xué)習(xí)方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmeks6QkmokIWWaWmLGx3vf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通話是“口耳之學(xué)”,學(xué)習(xí)普通話僅僅掌握理論知識(shí)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,必須在理論的指導(dǎo)下,運(yùn)用正確的方法通過不斷的練習(xí)和實(shí)踐才能學(xué)好。我們從“聽、讀、說、記、思”幾個(gè)方面介紹一下練習(xí)普通話的一些方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsu2wCS2KaYQeQvVlwiT9mc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"聽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU24moE2so6eIIx9xiuFteg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要聽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的普通話。在日常生活中,要隨時(shí)隨地向普通話標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人學(xué)習(xí),比如留意聽廣播、電視中播音員的發(fā)音,聽周圍普通話標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人的發(fā)音。注意傾聽,注意模仿,注意比較,逐步建立良好的普通話聽力,并形成正確的優(yōu)劣高下的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提高自己對(duì)語音的敏感性,再結(jié)合理論知識(shí),","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"糾正自己的發(fā)音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6kQkY4CKeI4mo9pGpI82Bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"讀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCommiAGck6QwzjjRglmqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讀就是在有文字憑借的情況下用普通話表達(dá)出來。練習(xí)時(shí),根據(jù)不同的情況,可以默讀,也可以朗讀。默讀,就是平時(shí)看書時(shí)養(yǎng)成用普通話默讀的習(xí)慣,這樣可以隨時(shí)隨地地練習(xí);朗讀,就是有意識(shí)地大聲朗讀優(yōu)美的書面語材料。朗讀比默讀更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)自己存在的問題,開始朗讀速度可以慢一些,邊讀邊聽,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,及時(shí)糾正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAic4K8qoW24sYdZgYgvAmc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"說","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOA4g0a6Q6OqwimnV886vvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"說就是用普通話進(jìn)行交際,鍛煉將思維的內(nèi)部語言轉(zhuǎn)化為有聲的外部語言的能力。說比讀難度要更大一些,說要求將思維的內(nèi)部語言根據(jù)語法規(guī)則把詞語組織起來,再轉(zhuǎn)化為有聲的外部語言,最終用普通話表達(dá)出來。這要有一個(gè)較長的訓(xùn)練過程,需要克服畏難心理,堅(jiān)持在各種場合使用普通話。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYOOCMcAwGa4oN4GIXdDye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"記","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwmWsK0C0KYYcnULYXgaZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一是要記住方言與普通話語音的對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律;二是要記住不符合對(duì)應(yīng)規(guī)律的例外字;三是要記住發(fā)音原理;四是要記住3500常用字的讀音,以便于閱讀、交談和運(yùn)用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn88mWiQgaGqUa4fu8mHh0tf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"思","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnySQgCY60GkqSq0ukLDuv2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"思,就是要用普通話的思維。語言是思維的工具,人們平時(shí)思考問題總要使用一種語言或方言。方言區(qū)的人,多數(shù)是用自己的方言進(jìn)行思維。學(xué)習(xí)普通話,要逐步養(yǎng)成用普通話思維的習(xí)慣,使普通話成為我們的思維語言。如果先用方言思維,再轉(zhuǎn)換成普通話,最后再用普通話語音表達(dá)出來,勢(shì)必會(huì)影響表達(dá)效果。因此,要養(yǎng)成用普通話思維并且用普通話表達(dá)的習(xí)慣,逐步減少直至避免出現(xiàn)用方言思考、用普通話表達(dá)的現(xiàn)象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmuEoawE6gC0Ijzb177wWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"總之,學(xué)習(xí)普通話是一項(xiàng)長期而艱苦的活動(dòng),我們只有全身心地投入進(jìn)去,根據(jù)自己的情況,探索出適合自己的方法,才能迅速提高自己的普通話水平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4AQwMco00gqoIp3VoHSKre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"口語能力訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMGA6OQsu8Oa0wmRaT7Nme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"朗讀訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny422g0ig4qUmyk7s2eE5Nf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朗讀,是指用普通話清晰、響亮、準(zhǔn)確地把文章念出來。朗讀是口語交際的一種重要形式,也是考查一個(gè)人在有文字憑借的情況下用普通話朗讀書面材料水平的有效方式。朗讀不只是簡單的“照字讀音”。朗讀者要通過自己的聲音準(zhǔn)確、完整地傳達(dá)出文章所寫的內(nèi)容、所要表達(dá)的思想感情。要把書面語言變成有生命的、訴諸人聽覺的、活生生的有聲語言,就需要朗讀者具有比較深厚的文化素質(zhì)(尤其是語文素養(yǎng))、比較強(qiáng)的邏輯思維和形象思維能力,同時(shí)還必須具有一定的駕馭有聲語言的能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCEWCQiOG2qAkvcTnF8CPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、朗讀的基本要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnye0KkqM8WaEYcZ7jYbbQ0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)把握作品的基調(diào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8gGAGOm4gSEMWaCkOrD3xf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所謂作品的基調(diào),是指作品的基本情調(diào),即作品的總的態(tài)度、感情色彩和分量。朗讀基調(diào)是朗讀者在深入研究作品的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)作品實(shí)際內(nèi)容確定作品感情色彩的基本傾向特征。朗讀作品必須要把握準(zhǔn)作品的基調(diào),因?yàn)樽髌返幕{(diào)是一個(gè)整體概念,是層次段落語句中具體思想感情的綜合表露。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneMI2myEQuygQYjbONZ8PWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)發(fā)聲要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWgUq8QGkG28QMpg5oazbHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、掌握正確的發(fā)聲方法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"語音是人體發(fā)聲器官運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果,聲帶發(fā)出聲音后;口、鼻、喉、咽、胸產(chǎn)生共鳴傳出聲音,唇、舌控制氣流而得到了各種不同的語音,每個(gè)音素都有自己固定的發(fā)音方法。因此,必須準(zhǔn)確牢記每個(gè)音素的發(fā)音特點(diǎn),掌握正確的發(fā)音方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaQ6EyEyuKMcFbPBoh7Mjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、吐字清晰,干脆利落。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"吐字時(shí)由于時(shí)間短促,不可能把每個(gè)音素都發(fā)得那么完整徹底,一般在念字時(shí)口型主要落在韻母的元音上,聲音處理應(yīng)是字頭短而有力,字腹圓潤飽滿,字尾和緩漸弱。整個(gè)音節(jié)干脆利落,不拖泥帶水,不好含混不清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY4EGY00McKKyMDhTTVleld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、聲調(diào)準(zhǔn)確。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"漢語的音節(jié)少,正是加上了聲調(diào)才使許多同音節(jié)字得以區(qū)別。因此,聲調(diào)必須準(zhǔn)確。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQWwC8USMUqOea2nFZQQlye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、口齒靈活,自然流暢。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"養(yǎng)成良好的發(fā)聲習(xí)慣。音質(zhì)對(duì)語言的意義表達(dá)和情感傳遞有很強(qiáng)的制約作用,音色的美感能產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的吸引力,使語言富有魅力。要做到這一點(diǎn),就必須養(yǎng)成良好的發(fā)聲習(xí)慣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna6siooWA0cu2yuY7ip6DSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、要有正確的發(fā)聲姿勢(shì)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"挺胸、收腹、提氣,頸部、背部、腰部自然伸直,胸肌放松,用力適中,氣流通暢運(yùn)行,達(dá)到良好的共鳴效果,語音渾厚有力、輕松自然清晰悅耳。要達(dá)到上述要求,一要積極參加體育鍛煉,努力擴(kuò)大肺活量;二要采用適當(dāng)?shù)挠?xùn)練方法,具體有三:呼吸訓(xùn)練、共鳴訓(xùn)練、音色訓(xùn)練。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8y8mciMqS4siotO5miZPoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、朗讀的基本技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmu4W4SYqWiQuY1oatTShRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)輕重分明。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"輕重分明即指對(duì)輕音、重音的確定和發(fā)音時(shí)的正確把握。方言重音也叫重讀,說話人根據(jù)表達(dá)語意和感情的需要,故意把某句話、某個(gè)詞組、某個(gè)詞或某個(gè)字說得重一些。表現(xiàn)為發(fā)音時(shí)擴(kuò)大音域和延續(xù)時(shí)間,同時(shí)增加強(qiáng)度,即表現(xiàn)為“音量”的加強(qiáng)和“音長”的延長。恰當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用重音,對(duì)于增強(qiáng)語言的表達(dá)效果是十分重要的。具體有詞的語法重音、句中邏輯重音、感情重音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcwgMMQi88iCOnmKnv4ccb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)停頓適當(dāng)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"停頓是語言交流中的第一大要素,恰當(dāng)?shù)靥幚碚Z言交流中的停頓,不僅是表達(dá)說話意圖的需要,而且是增強(qiáng)語言表現(xiàn)力和精確性的需要。停頓是指口頭表述中,詞語之間、句子之間、層次之間、段落之間在聲音上的間斷。談話、演講如果不注意語音停頓,是無法傳情達(dá)意的;如果停頓不當(dāng),反而會(huì)造成表意的錯(cuò)誤。停頓是有聲語言表情達(dá)意的必要手段。適當(dāng)?shù)耐nD,可以準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)語言中的內(nèi)容和感情,同時(shí),也會(huì)給聽者領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考的時(shí)間,還可使說話者得到換氣歇息的機(jī)會(huì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWuIOYu0MKWMU6F72WoPxKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(三)句調(diào)自然。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"語調(diào)是文章內(nèi)在節(jié)奏的一種體現(xiàn),具體表示語調(diào)的方法有高升調(diào)、降抑調(diào)、彎曲調(diào)、平直調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAQEKOQY26AowPDjtqgWKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、高升調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"說話時(shí)句尾語氣上揚(yáng),即前低后高的調(diào)子,表示疑問、反問、命令、叫喚、鼓勵(lì)、號(hào)召、申斥等意思。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaS0wwA8yk0Q4voCrwYRtbV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、降抑調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"說話時(shí)句尾降低,即前高后低的調(diào)子,表示肯定、沉重、感嘆、祝愿、贊揚(yáng)、堅(jiān)信、要求等意思。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSEi60EmQo6aENg3ZjAhWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、彎曲調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"說話時(shí)句子的高低有曲折變化,即升高再降低或降低再升高的調(diào)子,表示反語、諷刺、思索、恐嚇、詼諧等意思。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnswIi62WEwIYc2RS6eRbFdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、平直調(diào)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"說話時(shí)句子從頭至尾語調(diào)平直,沒有顯著高低變化的,它的特點(diǎn)是整句話語語氣平緩,表示莊重、嚴(yán)肅、厭惡、冷淡和一般的敘述說明的意思。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsk4Io280AQO0K8LtPjJzqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(四)快慢相宜。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"朗誦的速度是由作品思想內(nèi)容、人物性格、人物年齡、人物感情、語句的性質(zhì)等因素決定的。速度恰當(dāng),就能表達(dá)出作品的不同情境,產(chǎn)生良好的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4WIa8eUSCQi6Mh9gg0vB4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、朗讀常見的毛病","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmCQgYCIwyI8YVh6qctPLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(1)感情不真。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"朗讀的百病之源,關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)文章理解不深,分析不到位,沒有進(jìn)行想象和情感的滲透。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnseIKYiwgoqoAS0j7I8kDYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(2)方音不改。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"特別是使用方言的人往往有較為嚴(yán)重的方言語音傾向,所以要注意區(qū)分方言與普通話語音的發(fā)音區(qū)別,做到字正腔圓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSukaS46wugOCKTpA9WJNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3)速度不變。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"語速的快慢在一篇作品中并不是一成不變的,它要根據(jù)具體的內(nèi)容有所變化。說話要有節(jié)奏,該快的時(shí)候快,該慢的時(shí)候慢,該起的時(shí)候起,這樣有起伏有快慢,有輕重,才形成了語言的樂感和悅耳動(dòng)聽,否則話語不感人,不動(dòng)人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YKsKGEuQa2G2pKb5XXgqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(4)輕重不分。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"朗讀和說話時(shí),如果不能基本正確掌握普通話的輕重格式,聽起來語感上會(huì)不自然,還會(huì)帶明顯的方言語調(diào),普通話也就不純正了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnic8eca0msKyGMjtUCjPmmc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"說話訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoykcUc06M8YCGMVmaVur3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"說話就是用語言表達(dá)一定的意思,即說話者通過零碎的或者成段的話語傳遞自己的思想感情。聽者則通過說話者的話語來理解、判斷、接受并作出反饋。說話是人們?nèi)粘I鐣?huì)活動(dòng)中信息傳遞、感情交流和事務(wù)性活動(dòng)開展的重要手段之一,也是一項(xiàng)最基本的語言技能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqym4e2g6MaykW4qEFHDt4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、說話的基本要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycESC00yOCiQo7siJ1t2Nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)語音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。說話時(shí)所有音節(jié)都達(dá)到普通話的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即聲、韻、調(diào)正確,無系統(tǒng)的方音錯(cuò)誤,無方音尾巴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6we0uEiCqeqWy8V5SwmZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)詞匯準(zhǔn)確","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。說話一項(xiàng)的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有一項(xiàng),即詞匯、語法完全無錯(cuò)誤。應(yīng)試者必須克服方言影響,摒棄方言詞匯,特別注意克服方言語氣。但由于普通話詞匯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是開放的,它不斷從方言中吸收富有表現(xiàn)力的詞匯來豐富、完善自己的詞匯系統(tǒng),因此普通話水平測(cè)試允許應(yīng)試人使用較為常用的新詞語和方言詞語。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGg68wuIWSOuOqwTtNpcQPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(三)語流自然流暢","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。要做到自然,就要按照日??谡Z的語音、語調(diào)來說話,不要帶著朗讀或者背誦的腔調(diào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQe0UqY2EUqUKaPuHcORPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(四)盡量口語化","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。說話本來是一種無文字底稿的即興講說,由于是測(cè)試,許多人準(zhǔn)備了文字材料,甚至能夠背誦,如果把此項(xiàng)測(cè)試變?yōu)楸痴b材料,則會(huì)在語音中帶上較濃的書面文字色彩,失掉說話應(yīng)有的語調(diào)、情感的起伏,出現(xiàn)背書腔。從本質(zhì)上講,全脫稿式口語表述所能脫離的是稿紙,而非內(nèi)容。脫稿,即是把稿紙上的文字內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換成記憶中的信息代碼,然后,再在思維機(jī)制的控制下,按照“編碼”程序逐字逐句地轉(zhuǎn)化為口頭表述的語言。因此,要將原文字稿件中的復(fù)句、長句改為短句,將一些拗口的詞語改為平易、自然的口語詞匯。另外,即使所有的內(nèi)容已熟記于心,也要注意不能操之過急。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6iCwkaWIgaAeOWypZD2pAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(五)內(nèi)容豐滿,緊扣話題","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。測(cè)試大綱對(duì)說話內(nèi)容的立意、選材、布局、謀篇并未提出具體的要求,但布局謀篇、內(nèi)容豐滿也是題中應(yīng)有之意。圍繞話題說話如同口語作文,也有審題、選材、布局等方面的問題。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYc4yKUGq20acispKaNkOcc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、說話測(cè)試中常出現(xiàn)的問題","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOUG4UOuKUw6yKGowYlEIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、表達(dá)緊張。緊張是應(yīng)試者在說話測(cè)試中最常遇見的問題,很多人因過度緊張導(dǎo)致測(cè)試水平下降,不如平時(shí)放松狀態(tài)下說得好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKWmMUauESSSgPXcBOmMnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、表達(dá)內(nèi)容貧乏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAGq000mYKGGu0gMqppU6gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、說話不流暢、不自然。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOeWS28E2aqIWo9H6tVlhV5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、解決說話測(cè)試中常見問題的方法與建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGsQQyUCQqiswrlnzLBj6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)解決表達(dá)緊張的方法與建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SAksWyk6iqesp880uxpcc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"說話緊張又不同的原因,有的應(yīng)試者是因?yàn)樾睦碓?,有的?yīng)試者是普通話語音面貌不理想造成的,還有的人是經(jīng)驗(yàn)缺乏帶來的緊張,必須區(qū)別對(duì)待。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuK84CI8ACa4awFEuT4N01e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、對(duì)于習(xí)慣性緊張的應(yīng)試者的建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGGksowe6WS2UwrHGag69hf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)進(jìn)行說話練習(xí)時(shí),多讓別人幫助聽聽,逐漸使說話者心理適應(yīng)說話的客觀環(huán)境。這一訓(xùn)練需要一個(gè)過程,要堅(jiān)持不懈,不能操之過急。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOM6OWuwesWYuSk84aUVXke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)應(yīng)試過程中盡量做到注意力集中。高度專注于自己的話題內(nèi)容,是忘掉客觀環(huán)境、排除心理干擾因素的最好辦法。緊張往往是對(duì)自己的表現(xiàn)、環(huán)境反應(yīng)太在意而造成的心理壓力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnimw0OgAMke4YUZ4HYKx77g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、對(duì)于語音負(fù)擔(dān)壓力較大的應(yīng)試者的建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneiOSc6cyCqWCeA2TPOUqcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)應(yīng)試前切切實(shí)實(shí)地加強(qiáng)語音基本功的訓(xùn)練,運(yùn)用語音規(guī)律掌握幾種有針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOC8YmCwoKuSUzZ76mASng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)語音練習(xí)首先應(yīng)注意“質(zhì)”,其次以一定“量”作為鞏固保證,真正落實(shí)語午零件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的練習(xí)只能進(jìn)—步鞏固練習(xí)者自身本有的語音缺點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnowS2wiK8i4YiuALMIR2gBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)將語音練習(xí)落實(shí)到詞、句與語流之中。嚴(yán)格地說,單個(gè)孤立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音節(jié)是很準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入自然語流的,自然語流并不等于孤立音節(jié)的簡單相加。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs4uAsYo6QqQmebfnYz2Bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)運(yùn)用朗讀形式練習(xí)并鞏固規(guī)范的語音、語流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOm4y0Iqcs8iOKCHrpqjPZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)從日常生活表達(dá)練起,要給說話多留一點(diǎn)兒練習(xí)時(shí)間,多說之外還要多聽、多琢磨。只有真正了解自己的問題所在,并掌握正確的糾正方法,練習(xí)才有實(shí)效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKec68OYyOa6SKMEbDSL1dd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、對(duì)于缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)與臨場經(jīng)驗(yàn)者的建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2GsE2SIOO8a8AZJcNA9fMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"多利用發(fā)言的機(jī)會(huì)大膽開口,對(duì)自己的要求不要太苛刻,不要為自己訂立一步登F的不切實(shí)際的目標(biāo)。正視自己的弱點(diǎn),同時(shí),客觀地肯定自己的進(jìn)步,逐步樹立自能表達(dá)好的信心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sC6Ic4I6oe6kXttaDTrzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)解決說話內(nèi)容貧乏的方法與建議","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMukwciCOuKmQkz4BzK87rg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、打開言語思路。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"想問題不要只專注于某一點(diǎn)上,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)發(fā)散型思維能力的培養(yǎng),多動(dòng)腦筋,多參加實(shí)踐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneG00kuGQkQEsm8PpDnruQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、認(rèn)真審題。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"所謂審題就是拿到說話話題后,對(duì)話題作一番研究,找出表達(dá)的中心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnysqsY4KaguEqwxCf4rj9Af"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社交口才訓(xùn)練","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYQSU8QMG64I4ey8Xy1Czpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所謂社交口才,就是指人與人之間在社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)中所表現(xiàn)出的語言藝術(shù)或才能,即善于用準(zhǔn)確、貼切、生動(dòng)的口語表達(dá)自己思想、意愿的一種能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIgMIsy4yQ6gqO6nRqy0oWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、提交在社交中應(yīng)變力的方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4QqKcmIcWQiaqeI0Vjlbkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"語言隨機(jī)應(yīng)變能力,對(duì)人們的社交活動(dòng)具有重要的作用。一般來說,提高在社交中應(yīng)變力的方法有以下幾種:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8K2eIkowMO0S2zJlWnmWkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、含蓄回答,反擊刁難","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniCwEUww2oaAiy2VRHpvPbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"當(dāng)你遇到自己不想回答或不便回答而別人又偏偏緊緊抓住不放、執(zhí)意打聽的事時(shí),這時(shí)你即使心中不快,也不能顯出憤怒,應(yīng)冷靜、沉著、巧妙地應(yīng)對(duì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQWeGismCGoOgyuc3EEYDtf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、彌補(bǔ)失誤,順利交流","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC646WwCYqSySK2EXb3Kl4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“一言既出,駟馬難追”,由于時(shí)間緊促,不容周全地考慮,這“一言”往往發(fā)生些差錯(cuò),這就需要表達(dá)者靈活應(yīng)變,彌補(bǔ)過失,糾正偏頗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkaUUKOi08gImOFzWUm7wd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、應(yīng)付意外,完成預(yù)定任務(wù)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsgg6CSsO0M0UComdM9CsCJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"意外情況往往非表達(dá)者本人的過失,也不是對(duì)方故意刁難,而是其他未知的情況所致。隨機(jī)應(yīng)變能力強(qiáng)的人能夠自圓其說,補(bǔ)救失誤,能反擊對(duì)方攻勢(shì),兵來將擋,水來土掩,還能應(yīng)付意外,出色完成任務(wù)。它展現(xiàn)了人的才能與智慧,增強(qiáng)人的魅力,使一個(gè)人在人際交往中處于有利的位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCA6IEgiMe6MoxtD5R0NQY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"就實(shí)際情況而言,在社會(huì)交際中不可避免地會(huì)遇到難以預(yù)料的發(fā)問。這時(shí)就需要巧言妙語靈活應(yīng)對(duì),如遇到難以言對(duì)的“鋒芒”發(fā)問,就應(yīng)巧妙運(yùn)用“避鋒法”而回?fù)糁?#34;,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoqC28I6ic0oeWzrcr6m3hb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、介紹的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUwiE6m4ae4k2hC9rVMj1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(一)自我介紹的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQ28oQWImm0asjmgKKdV75"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自我介紹是我們跨入社交圈、結(jié)交更多朋友的第一步。如何介紹自己,給對(duì)方或其他人留下深刻的印象,使得他人能夠和自己有共同的話題,使談話得以繼續(xù),可以說這是一門藝術(shù),這與個(gè)人的氣質(zhì)、修養(yǎng)、思維和口才密不可分,同時(shí)也和自己的幽默感、風(fēng)趣度以及說話的方式有很大的聯(lián)系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCY8I0MSmwwOuqstYuXoFbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自我介紹的時(shí)候,要注意以下幾點(diǎn):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIAk0EQS4ge60aBWwaFzjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、要有勇氣和信心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSqYyOcQ8oeGQ54nEA6Rfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,有的人不善于交際,怕見陌生人,在陌生人面前不知如何開口,更不敢主動(dòng)介紹自己。他們未開口臉已先紅,一開口則結(jié)結(jié)巴巴,不知所云。這樣的人是無法進(jìn)行社交活動(dòng)的,這種膽怯心理是交際中的一大障礙。我們應(yīng)該一方面樹立信心,相信自己不會(huì)比別人差,另一方面努力鍛煉自己的口才,培養(yǎng)自己的社交能力。這樣就會(huì)逐漸克服膽怯心理,在社交場合中應(yīng)對(duì)自如了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMAgSgASyQEGamcuvpzoJmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、要自然、親切隨和","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnywY0WK8mOwIwyk4BWxvLIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自我介紹時(shí),要自然、親切、隨和,切忌過分親熱,如用力握住別人的手、說過分夸張的話等,這會(huì)使對(duì)方覺得你矯揉造作,輕浮而不莊重,因而產(chǎn)生反感。當(dāng)然,這并不是說在自我介紹中完全不能有強(qiáng)烈的感情,充滿深厚的感情是可以的,有時(shí)還是必要的,但一定要看場合,而且要自然、誠摯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnma0iEYYaaOUI8dIu1oGEDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(二)介紹他人的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQeUycGyM2CMoBYcUG1Eih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"為他人介紹是第三者為彼此不相識(shí)的雙方引見的介紹方式。在一般情況下,為他人介紹都是雙向的,即第三者對(duì)被介紹的雙方都作一番介紹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Ca2AGqWsYKQ4xlZnMgSdg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些情況下,也可只將被介紹者中的一方向另一方介紹,但前提是前者已知道、了解后者的身份,而后者不了解前者。為他人作介紹的介紹者,通常是社交活動(dòng)中的東道主,家庭聚會(huì)中的主人,公務(wù)交往中的禮儀專職人員,正式活動(dòng)中地位、身份較高者,如熟悉被介紹的雙方,又應(yīng)一方或雙方的要求,也可充當(dāng)介紹人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8iQ06EeKC4CsXKK5vSFsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、與陌生人交談的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoyuQgkA4oeWKA6jH0kuPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、察言觀色,尋找共同點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAu2qWM2Ss06O4qInGBpqVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一個(gè)人的心理狀態(tài)、精神追求、生活愛好等,都或多或少地在他的表情、服飾、談吐、舉止等方面有所表現(xiàn),只要你善于觀察,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你們的共同點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneS2sCoOUkU2wkxqYEOx2ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、以話試探,偵察共同點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGCwEAag8wgU4JnkKVddsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兩個(gè)陌生人為了打破沉默的局面,開口講話是首要的??梢砸源蛘泻糸_場,詢問對(duì)方籍貫、身份等,從中獲取信息,可以通過聽口音、言辭,偵察對(duì)方情況,可以以動(dòng)作開場,邊幫對(duì)方做某些急需幫助的事,邊以話試探,也可以借火吸煙,甚至可以在發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)方特點(diǎn)后尋找開口交際的局面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sIcKyuwMcioSA8wXlqtqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、聽人介紹,猜度共同點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQQAM4ii0giMw4pbsOdHoCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去朋友家串門,遇到有陌生人在座,這個(gè)時(shí)候,主人會(huì)馬上出面為雙方介紹,說明雙方與主人的關(guān)系、各自的身份、工作單位,甚至個(gè)性特點(diǎn)、愛好等,細(xì)心人從介紹中馬上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)方與自己有什么共同之處。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuy0SeQGk4Cau4FgxV8lUgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、求助的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnioeQuWkw66Ai2TevQbWLec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、委婉含蓄法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawsowiSigoqemyHOUmx6xd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即通過含蓄的表達(dá)方式,如借助插人語、疑問句等有關(guān)句型和語氣來避免求助的唐突。你可以試著比較這兩句話的效果:“打擾一下,您能不能幫我把這件事情辦一下?”“你快點(diǎn)替我把這事辦一下!”不難看出,委婉的表達(dá)方式要比直接的表達(dá)方式禮貌得多,也更容易得到別人的理解和幫助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQi6qCS2SWOWOsVrsZEI3Se"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、大事化小法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOYMIqsyUIUg4MYwssYUzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社交中,人們?cè)谔岢瞿承┱?qǐng)求時(shí),盡量把自己的要求說得很小,以便對(duì)方順利接受,滿足自己的愿望和要求。這樣既可以減輕給別人帶來的心理壓力,也便于自己開口求助他人。例如:“這件事情只要你幫我解決這一個(gè)方面就可以了,其余的我自己再想辦法。拜托啦!”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkSg2M2IkYqMGQDwJIGCjSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、虔誠恭敬法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmGiasWqWauuiE9E5fJGTYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在請(qǐng)求別人幫助時(shí),應(yīng)結(jié)合對(duì)方的心理情緒、興趣愛好等因素說好話,虔誠恭敬的態(tài)度是很關(guān)鍵的。通過彬彬有禮、恭敬有加的方式把有關(guān)請(qǐng)求表達(dá)出來,會(huì)使對(duì)方感到備受尊重而樂意幫忙。例如:“弟子們都在恭","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"候您老的大駕光臨呢!”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWYyaS2ooGqWSkDkP2mkbOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、換位體諒法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOeQ4si0u0oCu4aUh5ywtMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"請(qǐng)求別人幫助時(shí),也應(yīng)從對(duì)方的角度來體諒對(duì)方的感受,再把自己的要求或想法適時(shí)地表達(dá)出來。例如:“我知道你現(xiàn)在也有困難,不過我也實(shí)在沒辦法,只好來麻煩你了?!?#34;,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwUWEw4OyuQE0YNznOiTSRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、述說因果法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2awg0eQw0yg6svzm3tM8vc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)把具體原因講出來,讓對(duì)方感到很有道理,應(yīng)該給予幫助。尤其是在職場中,常常要為公務(wù)求人,而陳述有關(guān)既定規(guī)定的做法比較通用。這也比個(gè)人發(fā)號(hào)施令要禮貌得多。例如:“這是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)點(diǎn)名由你來負(fù)責(zé)的,所以這事非你莫屬了?!?#34;,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEiMGIwsA06wqgTHgJNEozg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、旁敲側(cè)擊法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmgm4ICsMc4eUFcbZx7BCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"求助他人時(shí)有時(shí)不必事事詳細(xì)講明,在很多情況下,只要把有關(guān)意思暗示給對(duì)方即可,這樣雙方自然都會(huì)心領(lǐng)神會(huì)。例如:“哎,最近我手頭上的事情真是太多了,忙得焦頭爛額啊?!保ㄑ酝庵猓骸澳隳軒臀乙稽c(diǎn)忙嗎?)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkaIAwQWqQqK6eOZ84vdrcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"六、拒絕別人的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAQoQCaS4EecGMj91euJwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、借故推脫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyiA8uOGqUim2slcvcCFXWV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在對(duì)方提出需求后,可以采取一些非個(gè)人理由的借口,來表示自己的無可奈何。這樣也很容易被人理解,從而達(dá)到巧妙拒絕的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6W2osgQ6sQ8CAKz5p6bkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、先揚(yáng)后抑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCMmIOcSuwoq4CiiMWdijEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先揚(yáng)后抑是在拒絕之前先表示同情、理解,甚至同意,而后再巧妙拒絕,使拒絕之辭委婉而含蓄。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WeksE2aewyWaAlMltTZmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、轉(zhuǎn)移話題。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsSa4q0M2sw8k4t1mMAviub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"對(duì)于一些礙于情面不適合當(dāng)面拒絕的要求,不必馬上說“不”,可以采取轉(zhuǎn)移話題、答非所問、尋找借口等方式暫時(shí)把對(duì)方的焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移開,從而達(dá)到間接拒絕的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUsOUSEUYSe2GcOuQwDb4F"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、直截了當(dāng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne2mYMmImK2qyQFMzp15yUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你采取了很多措施拒絕別人,而對(duì)方還是不能領(lǐng)會(huì)或者領(lǐng)會(huì)了還糾纏不休,那你就可以考慮直接拒絕他了凱尤其是當(dāng)對(duì)方提出違背原則的要求時(shí),你更要敢于說“不”,不給對(duì)方留任何希望和僥幸的機(jī)會(huì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQu6gOYmcwMsUY9IfYbiQCX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"七、化解尷尬的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngqEqcuWuoOmSoLbsSbvXif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、轉(zhuǎn)移話題,制造輕松氣氛","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgAoE2WCmsisUDLWKNoZ6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在交際場合中,如果某個(gè)較為嚴(yán)肅、敏感的問題弄得交談雙方很對(duì)立,甚至阻礙交談?wù)m樌M(jìn)行時(shí),我們可以暫時(shí)對(duì)此回避一下,通過轉(zhuǎn)移話題,用一些輕松、愉快的話題來活躍氣氛,轉(zhuǎn)移雙方的注意力,或者通過幽默的話語將嚴(yán)肅的話題淡化,使原來僵持的場面重新活躍起來,從而緩和尷尬的局面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2qusK0QEOAmy0YyTAU8we"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如,朋友之間為了某個(gè)問題爭得面紅耳赤、僵持不下時(shí),可以適時(shí)說一句“要把這個(gè)問題爭得明白,比國家足球隊(duì)贏球還難”,或者說一個(gè)笑話,讓雙方的情緒平緩下來,在輕松的氣氛中讓尷尬消失殆盡,使交際活動(dòng)得以順利進(jìn)行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQG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2. wqy是誰

文武雙全,文武之道,文武全才,文武兼?zhèn)?,文不?duì)題。

文過則喜,聞過飾非,紋絲不動(dòng),穩(wěn)如泰山。

情深緣淺,情非得已,棄之可惜。

棄之不舍,情不自禁。

情深似海,情深義重,青翠欲滴。

青青草原,情深意切!

義重如山。

義重情深,義不容辭,義無反顧,以此為準(zhǔn)隱隱約約,

3. wqw是誰

w在小學(xué)拼音中,不屬于韻母,屬于聲母。

w和y一樣,都是特殊聲母。因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)漢語拼音方案規(guī)定,y、w分別是有韻頭的零聲母音節(jié)的韻頭i、u的改寫,比如音節(jié)yan是零聲母音節(jié)ian的改寫,就是把i改為了y,讓y充當(dāng)聲母的角色。

漢語拼音中聲母共有23個(gè),它們是b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s 、y、w。

4. waq是什么

吉他是一種彈撥樂器,通常有六條弦,形狀與提琴相似。吉他在流行音樂、搖滾音樂、藍(lán)調(diào)、民歌、佛朗明哥中,常被視為主要樂器。與小提琴、鋼琴并列為世界著名三大樂器。

吉他的分類

吉他(意大利語:Chitarra),又譯六弦琴。其面板與背板都是平的,琴腰部一般無角而往里凹,古典吉他一般無凹陷。琴頸很寬,長,指板上有弦枕并裝有很多窄而稍向上凸起的金屬制的橫格,稱之為“品”,它把琴弦劃分為許多半音。

吉他品位的劃分是:吉他的品位就是從琴頭往音孔方向數(shù)的格數(shù),比如第1格叫1品,第2格叫2品,以此類推。

學(xué)習(xí)吉他,首先要選一款吉他,常用的吉他大致分為民謠吉他、古典吉他和電吉他,要根據(jù)自己的喜好選擇一種類型。

民謠吉他

民謠吉他是吉他家族中最“平民化”的成員,演奏的人員最多。

民謠吉他可細(xì)分為Acoustic guitar(圓角琴)和Cutaway(缺角琴),前者適合演奏和弦,后者適合演奏高把位Solo。民謠吉他琴頸比較細(xì),上指扳寬42mm,從弦枕到琴身共14個(gè)品格,琴箱上有一個(gè)月牙形的護(hù)板,使用鋼絲弦演奏。吉他家族中最“平民化”的成員。在指板上由弦枕到琴柄與琴箱結(jié)合處是14品格,指板較窄,使用鋼弦,琴尾有背帶釘,面板上一般有護(hù)板,可用指甲或撥片彈奏。民謠吉他音色圓潤亮透,音質(zhì)深淳厚,演奏姿勢(shì)比較自由,主要用于給歌唱者伴奏,適用于鄉(xiāng)村、民謠及現(xiàn)代音樂,演奏形式較為輕松、隨意。草根味比較重,是眾多吉他中最平民的一種。

古典吉他

古典吉他也是吉他家族成員,和豎琴、魯特琴等同屬古典式弦琴大類。在指板上由弦枕到琴柄與琴箱結(jié)合處是12品格,指板較寬,使用尼龍弦,音質(zhì)純厚,音色豐富,沒有防護(hù)板。主要用于演奏古典樂曲,從演奏姿勢(shì)到手指觸弦都有嚴(yán)格要求,技巧精深,是吉他家族中藝術(shù)性最高,最具代表意義,適應(yīng)面最廣,最有深度,最受藝術(shù)界肯定的一類。古典吉他是一種根據(jù)200多年前式樣成型的以尼龍弦(100年前為羊腸)發(fā)聲的樂器。古典吉他的構(gòu)造與其他樂器(民謠吉他、電吉他等)有明顯不同;古典吉他以獨(dú)奏為主、兼顧一定量的重奏、協(xié)奏等;手指直接彈奏并結(jié)合各種特殊演奏技巧;從音樂的表現(xiàn)來講:古典吉他以演奏古典樂為主,兼顧一定量的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)典樂曲。細(xì)膩而多變的音色,豐富的多聲部和聲演奏能力,對(duì)不同時(shí)期、不同風(fēng)格不同民族的音樂都能詮釋自如。

電吉他

電吉他是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的產(chǎn)物,從外型到音響都與傳統(tǒng)的吉他有著明顯的差別。琴體使用新硬木制成,配有音量、音高調(diào)節(jié)器(琴鈕)以及顫音結(jié)構(gòu)(搖桿)等裝置。配合效果器的使用,電吉他有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力,在現(xiàn)代音樂中有很重要的位置?,F(xiàn)在多用于歌曲伴奏。

吉他調(diào)弦

任何樂器使用之前都要保證音準(zhǔn),吉他則是通過調(diào)弦來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。扭動(dòng)琴頭的旋鈕可以控制琴弦的張力,配合調(diào)音器或者調(diào)音軟件可以方便準(zhǔn)確的將琴調(diào)準(zhǔn)。

調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音

吉他調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音、從低音六弦開始到高音一弦定音規(guī)定如下: E 第六弦 E2 82.41HZ A 第五弦 A2 110HZ D 第四弦 D3 146.83HZ G 第三弦 G3 196HZ B 第二弦 B3 246.94HZ E第一弦 E4 329.63HZ

首先音名,CDEFGAB,這個(gè)就是用來記固定音高的符號(hào),也就是無論它在哪個(gè)樂器上,音高就是固定的,所以,我們會(huì)看到,有些吉他音名分布圖上,都是用字母來表示的,只不過,很少用小字,只用大字,但你只要理解這個(gè)音名固定的音高就行了,這就是音名。

音名是固定的音高,理解這個(gè)后,那么唱名和簡譜就是相對(duì)的音高。也就是說音名在吉他是固定的,它的音高已經(jīng)固定了,但唱名和簡譜的音高,就跟調(diào)試有關(guān)系了,調(diào)高,唱的高度就不一樣,調(diào)低,唱的音就相對(duì)低了。

比如:在C大調(diào)里,C唱哆,用1表示,與吉他上五弦三品的音一樣高,但如果換成G調(diào)了,C在這里就唱發(fā),用4表示,音高還是固定在五弦三品那里,只是在G調(diào)里唱成發(fā)了,用簡譜4表示。

也就是說,如果你看到譜子左上角,有個(gè)字母C=1,這時(shí),表示C唱哆,是C大調(diào),以C為哆來記譜唱音高,那么在這種情況下,D唱來,E唱咪,F(xiàn)唱發(fā),G唱嗦,A唱拉,B唱稀,簡譜還是按1234567來記,但如果寫著G=1,這就表示G唱成1,以G為基準(zhǔn)唱成哆,這時(shí),音就相對(duì)高了,G調(diào)的來2,就是吉他上的A,咪3就是B,發(fā)4就是C,索5就是D,拉6就是E,F(xiàn)升4#就是稀。所以,你看到?jīng)],唱名簡譜跟調(diào)的高低有關(guān),所以,音高是相對(duì)的,不同的調(diào),唱的高度不同,吉他品位也不同,是相對(duì)的。

調(diào)音方法

1.五弦定音法

打開手機(jī)隨便撥打一個(gè)電話會(huì)出現(xiàn)嘟嘟的聲音。按住6弦的5品并彈奏,使彈奏音與嘟音相同,此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音。完成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音的校準(zhǔn)以后就可以開始下一步了 。同樣是按住6弦5品,并同時(shí)彈奏6弦和5弦,仔細(xì)聽音高是否相同,如果不相同分別彈奏6弦和5弦,確認(rèn)音高了還是低了,并使用琴頭的旋鈕調(diào)節(jié)。

接著按住5弦5品。音名為D,此音和四弦空弦同音。據(jù)此調(diào)好4弦。

按上圖的規(guī)律用剛才說的方法以此類推,調(diào)好余下的弦音。

2.用電子調(diào)音器

此方法直觀簡便,就是需要去購買一個(gè)電子調(diào)音器,按前面第一點(diǎn)說的規(guī)律。用電子調(diào)音器夾住琴頭,然后撥第六弦。調(diào)音器顯示如下圖左上為E就調(diào)好了。 下圖中的E A D B E都是調(diào)好的正常顯示綠色。 只有第三弦G顯示紅色,還沒完全調(diào)好,需要微調(diào)一下。 如果弦松了,沒調(diào)好,指針會(huì)在左邊。需要緊一下。 如果弦調(diào)緊了,指針在右邊。需要松一下。一直到指針在中間變成綠色的E就正確了。 其它各弦按 E A D G B E 從低音到高音順序,用上面方法調(diào)好就行。

3.手機(jī)軟件調(diào)音

目前最實(shí)用不花錢的方法,就是手機(jī)上下載一個(gè)調(diào)音軟件。方法同上面一樣。就是用調(diào)音軟件調(diào)弦。 手機(jī)調(diào)音軟件有專用吉他的,也有音樂通用的。我這里用的是通用的。專用的吉他調(diào)音軟件現(xiàn)在需要會(huì)員。

撥弦和掃弦

我們都知道,彈吉他時(shí),左右手分工不同,左手是負(fù)責(zé)按出音階或和弦,右手則是彈奏,右手在彈奏過程中,各個(gè)手指的分工也不同,大拇指負(fù)責(zé)6、5、4弦,食指負(fù)責(zé)3弦,中指負(fù)責(zé)2弦,無名指負(fù)責(zé)1弦,小指可以抵住面板作為加固穩(wěn)定。

練習(xí)方式

根據(jù)手指離開琴弦的方向我們可以將撥弦分為兩種方法

靠弦撥法和勾弦撥法:

靠弦撥法:手指撥弦后,順勢(shì)??吭谙乱桓嗯R的弦上,比如拔完6弦后順勢(shì)靠在5弦上。

勾弦撥法:手指撥弦后,稍微向手心方向勾起,然后自然停在空中,而不是??吭谙嗯R的弦上。 在吉他演奏中,勾弦撥法方法使用得最多,因?yàn)閯?dòng)作比較靈活,多用于演奏分解和弦。

這兩種練習(xí)中都要加上大拇指參與練習(xí),練習(xí)中,靠弦和鉤弦可以結(jié)合一起練習(xí),互相切換,掌握撥弦力度準(zhǔn)確性和靈活性。 3.分解和弦練習(xí)

分解和弦練習(xí)其實(shí)在初學(xué)階段非常重要的,你在練習(xí)的時(shí)候,手指要并攏,大拇指伸出其他三指的位置,根據(jù)節(jié)奏順序,手指輪流去撥弦分解,節(jié)奏可以是先中速,再慢速,再快速。 輪指是比較難練的技巧,但想擁有一手流暢華麗又均勻快速的輪指,要下一番苦功。

4.掃弦練習(xí)

很多人認(rèn)為掃弦比撥弦容易多了,真的是這樣嗎?掃弦并不是靠蠻力去掃,而是要用到你的手腕,掃弦時(shí)不需要揮動(dòng)整只手腕手臂,只要轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)你的手腕用巧力去掃。 下面介紹幾種常見的掃弦方式:

a.大拇指掃弦:手指自然伸展,略呈弧形,所有反弦動(dòng)作都用大拇指完成,這種手法掃弦聲音豐滿,整體性好,缺點(diǎn)是一來一回音色不夠統(tǒng)一且亮度較差。 b.拇指與食指交叉成“十字”,其余手指呈飛鳥狀伸開(自然并攏也可),下?lián)魰r(shí)用食指指甲背,上擊時(shí)用拇指指甲背。 這種掃弦聲音清脆明亮、音色統(tǒng)一,缺點(diǎn)是聲音略顯單薄。

c.撥片 撥片又稱撥子· 用于演奏阮、柳琴、吉他等樂器。一般由尼龍或者賽璐珞制成,價(jià)格也因材料不同而有所差異,一般賽璐珞的撥子在4-10元,而尼龍的撥子有的則高達(dá)百元。

撥片的持法:

撥片的持法其實(shí)因人而異,沒有什么固定的姿勢(shì)。一般會(huì)選擇放在右手食指第一關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè),然后拇指以一定的角度輕松自然的按住整體撥片的三分之二或大部分,但不要捏的太緊,保持一定的自由度。

學(xué)習(xí)樂理知識(shí)

當(dāng)練習(xí)到一定階段后,就需要進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)樂理知識(shí)了,懂了樂理能夠更好的幫助你理解和弦、調(diào)式、節(jié)奏等,還能夠嘗試給歌曲填和弦。

小節(jié)、小節(jié)線、復(fù)縱線與終止線

(1)小節(jié):兩條相鄰的豎線之間的部分,稱為小節(jié)。

(2)小節(jié)線:劃分小節(jié)的豎線叫做小節(jié)線。

(3)復(fù)縱線:在樂曲中用以劃分段落的、由兩條細(xì)豎線構(gòu)成的線,叫做復(fù)縱線。

(4)終止線:記在樂曲結(jié)束處的、一細(xì)一粗的兩條平行豎線,叫做終止線。表示全曲的終止。

節(jié)拍、拍子與拍號(hào)

(1)節(jié)拍

樂曲中強(qiáng)(重音)弱(非重音)音有規(guī)律的反復(fù),叫做節(jié)拍。節(jié)拍是用強(qiáng)弱關(guān)系來組織音樂的,節(jié)拍中的每個(gè)單位,叫做單位拍。

有重音的單位叫做強(qiáng)拍,非重音的單位叫做弱拍。

強(qiáng)弱 強(qiáng)弱 強(qiáng)弱弱 強(qiáng)弱弱 ●o ●o ●o o ●o O (●表示強(qiáng)、o表示弱、O 表示次弱)

注意:小節(jié)中的第一拍通常為強(qiáng)拍,若再有強(qiáng)拍則為次強(qiáng)拍。

(2)拍子

在音樂中,將單位拍用固定的音符(如二分音符、四分音符、八分音符)來代表, 叫做拍子。如可以以二分音符為一拍,也可以以四分音符為一拍,或以八分音符為一拍等。拍子是用分?jǐn)?shù)來標(biāo)記的。

(3)拍號(hào)

表示拍子的記號(hào)叫做拍號(hào)。如2/4、3/4、4/4等。

拍號(hào)用分?jǐn)?shù)形式標(biāo)記,分子(橫線上方的數(shù)字)表示每小節(jié)的單位拍數(shù),分母(橫 線下方的數(shù)字)表示單位拍的音符時(shí)值。如差拍子表示以四分音符為一拍,每小節(jié)有四拍;主拍子表示以四分音符為一拍,每小節(jié)有三拍。

讀拍號(hào)時(shí)應(yīng)由下往上讀,只讀數(shù)字。如2/4拍子,讀作四二拍子,而不應(yīng)讀成數(shù)學(xué)中的分?jǐn)?shù):四分之二拍。

音值組合法

將時(shí)值不同的音符,按照拍子的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行組合的記譜方法,叫做音值組合法。

使用音值組合法可以便于讀譜和辯認(rèn)各種節(jié)奏型。

音值組合法的幾種情況:

(1)單位拍一般要用共同的減時(shí)線連成音群,單位拍之間要分開,因此有幾個(gè)單位拍就有幾個(gè)音群。

(2)在節(jié)奏劃分比較繁瑣的情況下,每一個(gè)主要的音群可以再分成兩個(gè)或四個(gè)相等的附屬的音群,第一條減時(shí)線可以不分開。

(3)以八分音符或十六分音符為單位拍時(shí),應(yīng)把小節(jié)內(nèi)所有的單位拍用共同的減時(shí)線連接在一起,第二、第三條減時(shí)線再按單位拍分開。

(4)占整小節(jié)的時(shí)值時(shí),用一個(gè)音符來標(biāo)記。

(5)休止符也按照晉值組合法的規(guī)則來組合,只是連音線是用不著的。

(6)附點(diǎn)音符無須按單位拍分開。

(7)聲樂曲的音值組合法,一般地足按照音值組合法的規(guī)則進(jìn)行組合,但由于歌曲中帶有歌詞,因此又與一般的音值組合法略有不同。主要區(qū)別在于,當(dāng)一字多音時(shí),需加連線。

連音符

在音樂中,將音符的時(shí)值用自由均分來代替音符的基本劃分(一分為二),叫做連音符。

連音符記在音符的上方,用弧線和數(shù)字來標(biāo)記。

常見連音符有

(1)三連音

三連音就是將音均分為三部分來代替兩部分,其時(shí)值為兩部分的時(shí)值。

(2)五連音、六連音、七連音

將音符均分為五部分、六部分、七部來代替四部分,叫做五連音、六連音、七連音。

(3)九連音、十連音、十一連音......十五連音

將音符均分為九、十、十一......十五部分來代替八部分,叫做九連音、十連音、十一連音......十五連音。

切分音

切分音就是弱拍或弱位的音,延續(xù)到強(qiáng)拍或強(qiáng)位上而變?yōu)閺?qiáng)音,這個(gè)音叫做切分音,含有切分音的節(jié)奏,叫做切分節(jié)奏。我們通常說切分音是(6 6 6),其實(shí)這是切分節(jié)奏,切分音應(yīng)是切分節(jié)奏(6 6 6)的中間那個(gè)音。

通常小節(jié)中第一拍為強(qiáng)拍,第二拍為弱拍;而第一拍(強(qiáng)拍)的前半拍為強(qiáng)位,后半拍為弱位,第二拍(弱拍)的前半拍為弱拍中的強(qiáng)位,后半拍為弱拍中的弱位。

識(shí)譜

吉他譜就是彈奏吉他的記譜方法,包括“六線譜”、“五線譜”和“簡譜”等。其中六線譜屬記錄指法的樂譜,是最常見的吉他譜,我們以最常見的六線譜為例,從上到下,依次為一弦、二弦,一直到六弦。這是對(duì)應(yīng)咱們吉他的六根弦的,具體看下圖示例,幾種常見的吉他譜。

這六根線,具體對(duì)應(yīng)下圖的吉他琴弦,1弦最細(xì),6弦最粗。

左手指法

圖1六線譜上方是和弦圖+和弦名,用來標(biāo)注我們彈吉他時(shí)左手按弦的指法,譜上字母表示著調(diào)子的高低,這是最基礎(chǔ)的識(shí)譜方法。

右手指法

右手指法可以看到丁香花吉他六線譜中用x表示,即左手按好和弦右手彈用x標(biāo)注了的弦,有些吉他譜直接在六線譜上用數(shù)字標(biāo)注,如《丁香花》吉他譜3小節(jié)中1弦上3、2、0表示左手按1弦3品,1弦2品,一弦空弦音(即左手不按弦時(shí)彈響的音)。

左右手的技巧

練熟基本的左右手技術(shù)后,要進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)左右手的技巧:

一、槌弦法(Hammer-on)

使用右手彈弦后,左手之任一手指可在該弦上任一琴格做槌弦動(dòng)作,即在同一弦上,由一較低音槌擊弦至高音的動(dòng)作。槌弦時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)作要快,且槌弦后手指切勿松開。

練習(xí):

二、勾弦法(Pull-off)

使用左手之任一指按住一音,待右手彈奏該弦后,左手手指將該弦往下方勾,再放掉該弦。即在同一弦上,由一較高音勾弦至較低音的動(dòng)作。勾弦時(shí),左手手指是朝著食指的方向往下勾。

練習(xí):

三、滑弦法(Slide)

使用左手手指按住任一音,待右手彈弦后,左手手指順著琴格滑至另一音的琴格上,左手手指切勿離弦。

另一種的滑弦稱為 Gliss,Gliss的滑弦是一種沒有指定音的滑音方式,不管下滑或是上滑都沒有固定的音,也因?yàn)闆]有指定的音,所以比較偏向是一種“效果”而非是“音”。

練習(xí):

四、推弦法(Chocking)

將一個(gè)音彈奏之后,將按著的弦往上推(或往下引)而改變音程的彈奏方式,稱為Chocking。又可稱之為 Bending。

練習(xí):

和弦

和弦就是音程的構(gòu)成關(guān)系,目的就是達(dá)到和諧好聽,它的構(gòu)成就像咱們通常說的三角形、平行四邊形,梯形等等的構(gòu)成關(guān)系是一樣,三角形是最穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系,那么,在和弦的構(gòu)在中,因?yàn)?35這三個(gè)音分別叫主音,中音,屬音,在大調(diào)中屬于最穩(wěn)定的音,所以構(gòu)成的大三和弦,引導(dǎo)整個(gè)歌曲的進(jìn)行。其余的如屬和弦,下屬和弦也屬于穩(wěn)定的三角形,所以,也是構(gòu)成歌曲的主要和弦之一,像其他的少見的7和弦,減和弦,增和弦,這些就是不穩(wěn)的結(jié)構(gòu),就像平行四邊形一樣,起到裝飾表達(dá)特殊情感的構(gòu)成。

和弦的構(gòu)成:

和弦就是以一個(gè)根音為基礎(chǔ),按固定的結(jié)構(gòu)組成,無論在哪個(gè)調(diào)里,都是按此固定結(jié)構(gòu)來組成,比如說大三和弦,固定結(jié)構(gòu)是135,什么是固定的呢,音程和音數(shù)是固定的,13是大三度,35是小三度,所以,大三度+小三度構(gòu)成的和弦就叫大三和弦,它的音數(shù)也是固定的,前面是兩個(gè)全音,后同是一個(gè)半全音,因?yàn)榧弦粋€(gè)品格是半音,所以,用全音半音來組和弦,更容易找到對(duì)應(yīng)的音。

音階

音階最通俗的理解就是音的高低排列,就像臺(tái)階一樣,從低到高,有個(gè)固定規(guī)律叫音階,1234567i(多來咪發(fā)索拉稀多)7個(gè)臺(tái)階構(gòu)成音階循環(huán)到i(高音多)。

音級(jí)

音級(jí)最簡單的理解就是七個(gè)音階中每個(gè)音所處的等級(jí)。用全音半音來表示,比如說1到2之間就是全音,由兩個(gè)半音組成,3和4之間就半音,由一個(gè)半音組成,然后還有7i之音也是一個(gè)半音組成,其他23、45、56、67都是由兩個(gè)半音組成,叫全音,這是固定的。

十二平均律

十二平均律是一個(gè)規(guī)律,就是把7個(gè)音階分成十二個(gè)級(jí)別的單獨(dú)音(半音),形成固定的等級(jí)高低規(guī)律,叫十二平均律,怎么分的呢,就是把12、23、45、56、67的一個(gè)臺(tái)階劈成兩個(gè)臺(tái)階,共十個(gè)音級(jí),34和7i之間本身是半個(gè)臺(tái)階,這樣就總共由12個(gè)小臺(tái)階線成一個(gè)循環(huán)規(guī)律,就叫十二平均律。

音程

音程最通俗的理解就是音與音之間的高度關(guān)系,通常有度作為單位來表示,就是咱們常聽到的一度,二度,三度、五度等等。最簡單的一度就是同一個(gè)音之間的高度叫一度,比如說1本身就是一度,2本身就是一度,3本身就是一度,4、5、6、7都是這樣的叫純一度。具體如下表:

音數(shù)

音數(shù)就是指音程中包含的全音半音的數(shù)目,比如說1-3叫中間有兩個(gè)全音,音數(shù)就是2,屬于大三度。

和弦是和聲的基礎(chǔ),了解和弦的目的,一是為和彈唱伴奏,唱與彈的音形成和諧的關(guān)系,二是為了指彈獨(dú)奏曲里的編配。

練習(xí)方式

練好吉他和弦對(duì)吉他初學(xué)者來說是一件不容易的事情,需要很好的耐心。

1、按住和弦,腳打拍子,心里默數(shù)節(jié)拍,一般初學(xué)數(shù)4拍為宜。

2、每4拍做一個(gè)循環(huán),當(dāng)數(shù)1的時(shí)候同時(shí)按下手指,數(shù)4即將結(jié)束的時(shí)候松開手指。

3、手指不要離開琴弦,只是松開。

當(dāng)手型固定以后,還是按4拍來數(shù),這時(shí)候手指離開琴弦,但要保持手型不變,以此類推,練習(xí)不同的和弦。尤其大橫按的練習(xí),以上步驟尤為重要。

4、當(dāng)練習(xí)完成幾個(gè)基本和弦以后,可以進(jìn)行不同和弦的轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)。

5、當(dāng)單手轉(zhuǎn)換比較熟練后,加入右手撥片掃弦,還是按照4拍進(jìn)行就可。

6、掃弦練習(xí)比較熟練后,可進(jìn)行分解和弦的連續(xù)。

分解和弦記譜:

以丁香花的吉他譜為例,1小節(jié);左手按Em和弦然后右手分別彈響4弦-3弦-2弦-1弦-2弦-3弦,因?yàn)閳D2-2中可以看到每個(gè)音的時(shí)值是一樣,所以我們彈響的每個(gè)音的時(shí)長也應(yīng)該是一樣的。

2小節(jié);左手按Cmaj7和弦然后右手分別彈響5弦-3弦-2弦-1弦-2弦-3弦,同樣時(shí)值也一樣長。

3小節(jié);左手按D和弦然后右手彈用x標(biāo)注的弦,1弦上有數(shù)字3標(biāo)注的表示左手按1弦3品彈出的音,然后左手按1弦2品彈出的音,再然后彈1弦空弦音(六線譜上0表示空弦音;即左手不按弦時(shí)彈響的音)

吉他六線譜中右手掃弦的記譜方法是,向下掃弦時(shí)用向上的箭頭"↑" 標(biāo)記,向上掃弦時(shí)用向下的箭頭"↓"標(biāo)記。掃弦節(jié)奏型的時(shí)值記法也與簡譜的記法相同。

彈唱歌曲伴奏

當(dāng)左右手都練熟以后就可以開始練習(xí)彈唱了,按照譜子先將吉他伴奏練熟,達(dá)到不需要過腦子的境界。

推薦歌曲:

01 Jam-《七月上》

02 樸樹-《平凡之路》

03 宋冬野-《安和橋》

04 陳粒-《奇妙能力歌》

05 萬能青年旅店-《殺死內(nèi)個(gè)石家莊人》

06 痛仰樂隊(duì)-《公路之歌》

還有《知足》五月天、《聽不到》五月天、《我的歌聲里》曲婉婷、《月亮代表我的心》各種版本、《老男孩》筷子兄弟、《彩虹》周杰倫、《忽然之間》莫文蔚、《愛的就是你》王力宏等等都是非常適用于新吉他手的入門歌曲。

推薦書籍

第一本,《索爾吉他教程》。作者費(fèi)爾南多·索爾被稱為“吉他音樂的貝多芬”,你就知道他的分量了,在這本書中,作者并沒有像題主擔(dān)心的那樣加入各種練習(xí)曲,里面都是你想學(xué)的東西,如音樂學(xué)科理論、吉他講解,音質(zhì)和音色的分析、如何持琴、如何撥弦、每根弦上的指法安排等,看完你會(huì)有很多收獲。這本書給我的最大感受就是作者是真的愛吉他、懂吉他,比如他覺得很多人批評(píng)吉他問題很多,其實(shí)是他們自己使用不當(dāng),同時(shí)他會(huì)提出改進(jìn)方法,很值得一看的書!

第二本,《伯克利現(xiàn)代吉他教程》。此書豆瓣評(píng)分9.4,同類頂尖水平,書名中的伯克利是美國著名的伯克利音樂學(xué)院的簡稱,王力宏、歐陽娜娜、查理·普斯都是這里出來的。這本書的練習(xí)曲目多一些,但我還是推薦給你,原因有二:一,書中仍然有你需要的知識(shí),包括和弦、指型,還有調(diào)弦、譜號(hào)等;二,書中的練習(xí)曲目是作者專門為吉他演奏而創(chuàng)作的原創(chuàng)作品,對(duì)提高你的音樂素養(yǎng)和演奏水平很有幫助,伯克利音樂學(xué)院的教材,值得你相信。

第三本,《從零起步學(xué)吉他》??磿憔椭懒?,這是一本對(duì)初學(xué)者很友好的書,事實(shí)上也的確如此。書的開頭介紹了吉他的起源、發(fā)展、構(gòu)造、種類,還會(huì)教你怎么選購和保養(yǎng),讓你對(duì)吉他有一個(gè)深入的了解,這對(duì)你很有幫助。另外,題主關(guān)心的音階、和弦、調(diào)和調(diào)式、指型等,書中都有詳細(xì)的講解,總之很適合你的一本書,也被不少吉他初學(xué)者推崇。

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guitar(圓角琴)和Cutaway(缺角琴),前者適合演奏","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"和弦","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",后者適合演奏高把位","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Solo","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。民謠吉他琴頸比較細(xì),上指扳寬42mm,從弦枕到琴身共14個(gè)品格,琴箱上有一個(gè)月牙形的護(hù)板,使用鋼絲弦演奏。吉他家族中最“平民化”的成員。在指板上由弦枕到琴柄與琴箱結(jié)合處是14品格,指板較窄,使用鋼弦,琴尾有背帶釘,面板上一般有護(hù)板,可用指甲或","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"撥片","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"彈奏。民謠吉他","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音色","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"圓潤亮透,音質(zhì)深淳厚,演奏姿勢(shì)比較自由,主要用于給歌唱者","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"伴奏","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",適用于鄉(xiāng)村、民謠及現(xiàn)代音樂,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"演奏","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"形式較為輕松、隨意。草根味比較重,是眾多吉他中最平民的一種。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnieaeCuCIY6ewgjidlQxkoc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":3357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"民謠吉他","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ba4b791065340479bf2c2719af41902","width":3357},"text":"","id":"doxcnESkAsqsgG8KUAJ5POEm6Ug"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古典吉他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEikWESay2ASMOq0ZLl9Ebh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古典吉他也是吉他家族成員,和","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"豎琴","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"魯特琴","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"等同屬古典式","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"弦琴","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"大類。在指板上由弦枕到琴柄與琴箱結(jié)合處是12品格,指板較寬,使用","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"尼龍弦","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",音質(zhì)純厚,音色豐富,沒有防護(hù)板。主要用于演奏古典樂曲,從演奏姿勢(shì)到手指觸弦都有嚴(yán)格要求,技巧精深,是吉他家族中藝術(shù)性最高,最具代表意義,適應(yīng)面最廣,最有深度,最受藝術(shù)界肯定的一類。古典吉他是一種根據(jù)200多年前式樣成型的以尼龍弦(100年前為羊腸)發(fā)聲的樂器。古典吉他的構(gòu)造與其他樂器(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"民謠吉他","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"電吉他","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"等)有明顯不同;古典吉他以獨(dú)奏為主、兼顧一定量的重奏、協(xié)奏等;手指直接彈奏并結(jié)合各種特殊演奏技巧;從音樂的表現(xiàn)來講:古典吉他以演奏古典樂為主,兼顧一定量的現(xiàn)代經(jīng)典樂曲。細(xì)膩而多變的音色,豐富的多聲部和聲演奏能力,對(duì)不同時(shí)期、不同風(fēng)格不同民族的音樂都能詮釋自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQuaKokAKWOcQ3fEcburdf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":966,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古典吉他","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8e989b9856c64ddc8a06d8c20bf64e9f","width":986},"text":"","id":"doxcnmascm8MGAM60CYQHiQJB0e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"電吉他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu8kQquAA8kAcOegrD9lp3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"電吉他是","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https%3A%2F%2Fbaike.baidu.com%2Fitem%2F%25E7%258E%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E6%258A%2580%25E6%259C%25AF%2F12211879%3FfromModule%3Dlemma_inlink"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的產(chǎn)物,從外型到音響都與傳統(tǒng)的吉他有著明顯的差別。琴體使用新","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https%3A%2F%2Fbaike.baidu.com%2Fitem%2F%25E7%25A1%25AC%25E6%259C%25A8%3FfromModule%3Dlemma_inlink"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬木","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"制成,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"配有音量、音高調(diào)節(jié)器(琴鈕)以及","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https%3A%2F%2Fbaike.baidu.com%2Fitem%2F%25E9%25A2%25A4%25E9%259F%25B3%2F135604%3FfromModule%3Dlemma_inlink"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顫音","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"結(jié)構(gòu)(搖桿)等裝置","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。配合","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https%3A%2F%2Fbaike.baidu.com%2Fitem%2F%25E6%2595%2588%25E6%259E%259C%25E5%2599%25A8%2F7378864%3FfromModule%3Dlemma_inlink"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果器","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的使用,電吉他有很強(qiáng)的表現(xiàn)力,在","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https%3A%2F%2Fbaike.baidu.com%2Fitem%2F%25E7%258E%25B0%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%259F%25B3%25E4%25B9%2590%2F9518355%3FfromModule%3Dlemma_inlink"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)代音樂","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中有很重要的位置。現(xiàn)在多用于歌曲伴奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMiAYksw40WGcsFVKp4iuDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG8U4yqgy8gsEYLs8C9pNBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"電吉他","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a72f1bfaa33848afb4236a7c5cb9352c","width":531},"text":"","id":"doxcnQSGUYOyUuSEYIeuUYpMfwT"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"吉他調(diào)弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng6oaqigwuqsymKjJ4Chuvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"任何樂器使用之前都要保證音準(zhǔn),吉他則是通過調(diào)弦來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。扭動(dòng)琴頭的旋鈕可以控制琴弦的張力,配合調(diào)音器或者調(diào)音軟件可以方便準(zhǔn)確的將琴調(diào)準(zhǔn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMucmWmeiq628ETXX6Y7fSd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAM0ksmaYCE8cspfB7ojaLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吉他調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音、從低音六弦開始到高音一弦定音規(guī)定如下:\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"E 第六弦 E2 82.41HZ A 第五弦 A2 110HZ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"D 第四弦 D3 146.83HZ G 第三弦 G3 196HZ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"B 第二弦 B3 246.94HZ E第一弦 E4 329.63HZ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwsqQ2EKeIUWygNqJ1PNaad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9bc4097c447f400781a13cd7176a276e","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnyoE40UsWGMWaqCSDOtzm4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先音名,CDEFGAB,這個(gè)就是用來記固定音高的符號(hào),也就是無論它在哪個(gè)樂器上,音高就是固定的,所以,我們會(huì)看到,有些吉他音名分布圖上,都是用字母來表示的,只不過,很少用小字,只用大字,但你只要理解這個(gè)音名固定的音高就行了,這就是音名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4Aq2EkC4o8kSsNfjqIp0pg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":348,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bbd3ac6f1048490993f778ff061933ac","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnKiI6YgMemwgmQhFjDl35lg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音名是固定的音高,理解這個(gè)后,那么唱名和簡譜就是相對(duì)的音高。也就是說音名在吉他是固定的,它的音高已經(jīng)固定了,但唱名和簡譜","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音高,就跟調(diào)試有關(guān)系了,調(diào)高,唱的高度就不一樣,調(diào)低,唱的音就相對(duì)低了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC2mm222cQ6msWyYLZl3KXg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKy2omAKMWuieWktVPEyy4g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":123,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ee39a81bd2aa4055b6b7b60859eee565","width":430},"text":"","id":"doxcnMOsW68GmwOOie81JIjTe9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如:在C大調(diào)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"里","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",C唱哆,用1表示,與吉他上五弦三品的音一樣高,但如果換成G調(diào)了,C在這里就唱發(fā),用4表示,音高還是固定在五弦三品那里,只是在G調(diào)里唱成發(fā)了,用簡譜4表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQiM8SWgIOSGucvOB9lk9Dh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)弦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83d7c71cc7fa409bbaca93a9b66c8eb5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnAuyasiScuyEG8RIAzR7ghd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也就是說,如果你看到譜子左上角,有個(gè)字母C=1,這時(shí),表示C唱哆,是C大調(diào),以C為哆來記譜唱音高,那么在這種情況下,D唱來,E唱咪,F(xiàn)唱發(fā),G唱嗦,A唱拉,B唱稀,簡譜還是按1234567來記,但如果寫著G=1,這就表示G唱成1,以G為基準(zhǔn)唱成哆,這時(shí),音就相對(duì)高了,G調(diào)的來2,就是吉他上的A,咪3就是B,發(fā)4就是C,索5就是D,拉6就是E,F(xiàn)升4#就是稀。所以,你看到?jīng)],唱名簡譜跟調(diào)的高低有關(guān),所以,音高是相對(duì)的,不同的調(diào),唱的高度不同,吉他品位也不同,是相對(duì)的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeaeAkaKgAiWikP0UcehWb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"調(diào)音方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6aY0iqysmqo4aQdyxYaDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.五弦定音法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkoKOkYAuEKgobXUeEdbWd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1.五弦定音法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0724e4e856c142cc8b406305b4041308","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnSGA0qaEqa4aMUHJHgjerZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打開手機(jī)隨便撥打一個(gè)電話會(huì)出現(xiàn)嘟嘟的聲音。按住6弦的5品并彈奏,使彈奏音與嘟音相同,此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音。完成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音的校準(zhǔn)以后就可以開始下一步了 。同樣是按住6弦5品,并同時(shí)彈奏6弦和5弦,仔細(xì)聽音高是否相同,如果不相同分別彈奏6弦和5弦,確認(rèn)音高了還是低了,并使用琴頭的旋鈕調(diào)節(jié)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoIYSY4eo60aQiWEoIjsn2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"接著按住5弦5品。音名為D,此音和四弦空弦同音。據(jù)此調(diào)好4弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu8CCSEQAmucA0d2JiOmLob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按上圖的規(guī)律用剛才說的方法以此類推,調(diào)好余下的弦音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wseam6saeUCEh6FjKKASd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.用電子調(diào)音器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW0AgqSgka0MqieWAAOUIFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"此方法直觀簡便,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就是需要去購買一個(gè)電子調(diào)音器","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",按前面第一點(diǎn)說的規(guī)律。用電子調(diào)音器夾住琴頭,然后撥第六弦。調(diào)音器顯示如下圖左上為E就調(diào)好了。 \\n下圖中的E A D B E都是調(diào)好的正常顯示綠色。\\n只有第三弦G顯示紅色,還沒完全調(diào)好,需要微調(diào)一下。\\n如果弦松了,沒調(diào)好,指針會(huì)在左邊。需要緊一下。\\n如果弦調(diào)緊了,指針在右邊。需要松一下。一直到指針在中間變成綠色的E就正確了。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"其它各弦按 E A D G B E 從低音到高音順序,用上面方法調(diào)好就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAGA2u4AYGwoqcZog7oayb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":338,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2.用電子調(diào)音器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd9e8066fb704b38a1c312c27ffdc631","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnKw6CsYMqQY8oG8u2ybv8bf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.手機(jī)軟件調(diào)音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI6i0U66GUmGuIWY3PXiaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前最實(shí)用不花錢的方法,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就是手機(jī)上下載一個(gè)調(diào)音軟件","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。方法同上面一樣。就是用調(diào)音軟件調(diào)弦。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"手機(jī)調(diào)音軟件有專用吉他的,也有音樂通用的。我這里用的是通用的。專用的吉他調(diào)音軟件現(xiàn)在需要會(huì)員。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOAygsQQ6qQ4WqzHzhQJbc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":640,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3.手機(jī)軟件調(diào)音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dfc661f44c52448bbd7ec3f367590867","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnW468Sia4KA4kWy8eVPAnih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"撥弦和掃弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wgywcOIG8GA8RoMaks0af"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我們都知道,彈吉他時(shí),左右手分工不同,左手是負(fù)責(zé)按出音階或和弦,右手則是彈奏,右手在彈奏過程中,各個(gè)手指的分工也不同,大拇指負(fù)責(zé)6、5、4弦,食指負(fù)責(zé)3弦,中指負(fù)責(zé)2弦,無名指負(fù)責(zé)1弦,小指可以抵住面板作為加固穩(wěn)定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYwOSkico2q64cRe08pCjd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0AmKSeyUWuyEITwu1TEEOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根據(jù)手指離開琴弦的方向我們可以將撥弦分為兩種方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmOIM02Yu24sSQrCbGzbsTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"靠弦撥法和勾弦撥法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnocMoUgAIUqgo0K9HHQnYZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"靠弦撥法:手指撥弦后,順勢(shì)停靠在下一根相臨的弦上,比如拔完6弦后順勢(shì)靠在5弦上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAuog4mcy6kEeWquSG4vatg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":440,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5aa0768f40d147fcbf7a535d4f4a83b9","width":870},"text":"","id":"doxcn0kmGmeAyWk06GEbpBlOnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\\n勾弦撥法:手指撥弦后,稍微向手心方向勾起,然后自然停在空中,而不是??吭谙嗯R的弦上。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在吉他演奏中,勾弦撥法方法使用得最多,因?yàn)閯?dòng)作比較靈活,多用于演奏分解和弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOsQ4qiOG28wqsFx4Cnieh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":406,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/350d4a1837bc4bbcbf11481b17c64652","width":636},"text":"","id":"doxcn2YS0gg6EeGk4ArC73tv7ld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\\n這兩種練習(xí)中都要加上大拇指參與練習(xí),練習(xí)中,靠弦和鉤弦可以結(jié)合一起練習(xí),互相切換,掌握撥弦力度準(zhǔn)確性和靈活性。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"3.分解和弦練習(xí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8WkcseyuImKAxpDl7kFph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分解和弦練習(xí)其實(shí)在初學(xué)階段非常重要的,你在練習(xí)的時(shí)候,手指要并攏,大拇指伸出其他三指的位置,根據(jù)節(jié)奏順序,手指輪流去撥弦分解,節(jié)奏可以是先中速,再慢速,再快速。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"輪指是比較難練的技巧,但想擁有一手流暢華麗又均勻快速的輪指,要下一番苦功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsiqUsQAuGQOAkFclHtRbmc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e03f06ea49046b58db91c9537086701","width":946},"text":"","id":"doxcno4ECGwgooMcywd69gbWlcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"4.掃弦練習(xí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCccMIkuwGAem6Ug3eUBOJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"很多人認(rèn)為掃弦比撥弦容易多了,真的是這樣嗎?掃弦并不是靠蠻力去掃,而是要用到你的手腕,掃弦時(shí)不需要揮動(dòng)整只手腕手臂,只要轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)你的手腕用巧力去掃。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"下面介紹幾種常見的掃弦方式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQcGyacYWg6w8ELXmZQkvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"a.大拇指掃弦:手指自然伸展,略呈弧形,所有反弦動(dòng)作都用大拇指完成,這種手法掃弦聲音豐滿,整體性好,缺點(diǎn)是一來一回音色不夠統(tǒng)一且亮度較差。\\nb.拇指與食指交叉成“十字”,其余手指呈飛鳥狀伸開(自然并攏也可),下?lián)魰r(shí)用食指指甲背,上擊時(shí)用拇指指甲背。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"這種掃弦聲音清脆明亮、音色統(tǒng)一,缺點(diǎn)是聲音略顯單薄。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCCAYMSSa4CEwaaoAimoJge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/917fae17f2de44228efd609c3e813622","width":754},"text":"","id":"doxcnGwaqYyggaq0m2fvcJZXADg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"c.","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"撥片","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"撥片又稱撥子· 用于演奏阮、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"柳琴","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"吉他","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"等樂器。一般由","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"尼龍","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"或者","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"賽璐珞","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"制成,價(jià)格也因材料不同而有所差異,一般賽璐珞的撥子在4-10元,而尼龍的撥子有的則高達(dá)百元。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6EUu88w6KgISCAIbNAZemd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":520,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f20f4f5dfa454c109568acd12207baf9","width":520},"text":"","id":"doxcnuUqQASOMAu20QvUUBVol9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"撥片的持法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkou06mASe4IOeaUf6DOUjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"撥片的持法其實(shí)因人而異,沒有什么固定的姿勢(shì)。一般會(huì)選擇放在右手食指第一關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè),然后拇指以一定的角度輕松自然的按住整體撥片的三分之二或大部分,但不要捏的太緊,保持一定的自由度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWuKSeqg6oAKgUNpzVjo0Db"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGksUmcKQmq2CUXLUeRF05g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":505,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ffd42def7cfb40148506f47a982d47ae","width":641},"text":"","id":"doxcnyMyAk8qqwAOUgJkou2f7zb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wsIo0CwkoMc4eETiD2bCd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniwI4eKM4cgWqs3lZCUOrsm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"學(xué)習(xí)樂理知識(shí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8yAyUWyWssWygf6R13huh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"當(dāng)練習(xí)到一定階段后,就需要進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)樂理知識(shí)了,懂了樂理能夠更好的幫助你理解和弦、調(diào)式、節(jié)奏等,還能夠嘗試給歌曲填和弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQmgw446qoCcUaoVxPgJIad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小節(jié)、小節(jié)線、復(fù)縱線與終止線","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEamQKii8MGIG8YCrnghiqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)小節(jié):兩條相鄰的豎線之間的部分,稱為小節(jié)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Qy8cI6g6QMsVpC9dnIPEx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)小節(jié)線:劃分小節(jié)的豎線叫做小節(jié)線。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsGOAc4S2SOuuApXvBE4Rue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)復(fù)縱線:在樂曲中用以劃分段落的、由兩條細(xì)豎線構(gòu)成的線,叫做復(fù)縱線。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyayyE4q6GIWA8MhWqjz22b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)終止線:記在樂曲結(jié)束處的、一細(xì)一粗的兩條平行豎線,叫做終止線。表示全曲的終止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qKq6Qms0CsqSWZJP6j2uf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"節(jié)拍、拍子與拍號(hào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOw6WucMQ8SoXHkgpzkatJ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)節(jié)拍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQeOcMggmCUEchHNDFaOLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"樂曲中強(qiáng)(重音)弱(非重音)音有規(guī)律的反復(fù),叫做節(jié)拍。節(jié)拍是用強(qiáng)弱關(guān)系來組織音樂的,節(jié)拍中的每個(gè)單位,叫做單位拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCycugiYuISKaWAzamtzrpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有重音的單位叫做強(qiáng)拍,非重音的單位叫做弱拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWku8WOMEWiYguCpXXIyS0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"強(qiáng)弱 強(qiáng)弱 強(qiáng)弱弱 強(qiáng)弱弱 ●o ●o ●o o ●o O (●表示強(qiáng)、o表示弱、O 表示次弱)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncsaAOW8KUYQiETg7usUheb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:小節(jié)中的第一拍通常為強(qiáng)拍,若再有強(qiáng)拍則為次強(qiáng)拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIm6mMw0i26kqGgdPjzlB4e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)拍子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAqWS4WiOw2IgmmAhuwTxzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在音樂中,將單位拍用固定的音符(如二分音符、四分音符、八分音符)來代表, 叫做拍子。如可以以二分音符為一拍,也可以以四分音符為一拍,或以八分音符為一拍等。拍子是用分?jǐn)?shù)來標(biāo)記的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKCmewQ0aQMWU27efF5Nd3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)拍號(hào)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYQUCE2S0kYUimyJuKYj5pd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"表示拍子的記號(hào)叫做拍號(hào)。如2/4、3/4、4/4等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygwqm0QWk2Mk2ruaMXp0Nc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拍號(hào)用分?jǐn)?shù)形式標(biāo)記,分子(橫線上方的數(shù)字)表示每小節(jié)的單位拍數(shù),分母(橫 線下方的數(shù)字)表示單位拍的音符時(shí)值。如差拍子表示以四分音符為一拍,每小節(jié)有四拍;主拍子表示以四分音符為一拍,每小節(jié)有三拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYQE60Sw6Mm0cQJhuI5AdBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讀拍號(hào)時(shí)應(yīng)由下往上讀,只讀數(shù)字。如2/4拍子,讀作四二拍子,而不應(yīng)讀成數(shù)學(xué)中的分?jǐn)?shù):四分之二拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWuWeGOqeiiA69Hn79sHUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音值組合法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Cm0esOOGa6MU1kFAIAzyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"將時(shí)值不同的音符,按照拍子的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行組合的記譜方法,叫做音值組合法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKY04OqyWO2kWIxp9xDRSyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用音值組合法可以便于讀譜和","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"辯認(rèn)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"各種節(jié)奏型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnimIoMoYkS8GKySH2kXZJxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音值組合法的幾種情況:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksWgS24qIQGS4S60BSi5Qd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)單位拍一般要用共同的減時(shí)線連成音群,單位拍之間要分開,因此有幾個(gè)單位拍就有幾個(gè)音群。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAA6aaMoc8sEgf7R4R8IRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)在節(jié)奏劃分比較繁瑣的情況下,每一個(gè)主要的音群可以再分成兩個(gè)或四個(gè)相等的附屬的音群,第一條減時(shí)線可以不分開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYGuaaYiM8qw6cVVamfwIbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)以八分音符或十六分音符為單位拍時(shí),應(yīng)把小節(jié)內(nèi)所有的單位拍用共同的減時(shí)線連接在一起,第二、第三條減時(shí)線再按單位拍分開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6AGm4W82KOMiuG14woAFze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)占整小節(jié)的時(shí)值時(shí),用一個(gè)音符來標(biāo)記。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIg2qykUquEgUsHYkROrr1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)休止符也按照晉值組合法的規(guī)則來組合,只是連音線是用不著的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4kWOaugWEEkMOenCkFUP1P"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)附點(diǎn)音符無須按單位拍分開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOKecwK4a4M0A8DlItfYNfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)聲樂曲的音值組合法,一般地足按照音值組合法的規(guī)則進(jìn)行組合,但由于歌曲中帶有歌詞,因此又與一般的音值組合法略有不同。主要區(qū)別在于,當(dāng)一字多音時(shí),需加連線。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwwWyKUikM2Ss49e8iOPT1f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"連音符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQo0C4qGmmkQgaSkk4Lyiif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在音樂中,將音符的時(shí)值用自由均分來代替音符的基本劃分(一分為二),叫做連音符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq6s2GKA6Cea4eA9FpHqrBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"連音符記在音符的上方,用弧線和數(shù)字來標(biāo)記。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSykCMuMU0ESiMP2P0bNVR4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常見連音符有","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns6QyMUuo0IwIUT5D2aFcue"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)三連音 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncesEGEmssicMiUOdm0uxqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三連音就是將音均分為三部分來代替兩部分,其時(shí)值為兩部分的時(shí)值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOyGaMSeSauQo1hfqVzZtf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)五連音、六連音、七連音 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ueoYw8gwuAYYldPydunMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"將音符均分為五部分、六部分、七部來代替四部分,叫做五連音、六連音、七連音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2UWU8ASQIA2ssZ38cBovnf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)九連音、十連音、十一連音......十五連音 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS2CksGmawccQiqGJuvjDCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"將音符均分為九、十、十一......十五部分來代替八部分,叫做九連音、十連音、十一連音......十五連音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEiQGG80mMSuq0Gx5ySoc7e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"切分音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIeOMaC0gWKEiQzYueraOUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"切分音就是弱拍或弱位的音,延續(xù)到強(qiáng)拍或強(qiáng)位上而變?yōu)閺?qiáng)音,這個(gè)音叫做切分音,含有切分音的節(jié)奏,叫做切分節(jié)奏。我們通常說切分音是(6 6 6),其實(shí)這是切分節(jié)奏,切分音應(yīng)是切分節(jié)奏(6 6 6)的中間那個(gè)音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnScKugEOsec4GELrJ3ldoQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常小節(jié)中第一拍為強(qiáng)拍,第二拍為弱拍;而第一拍(強(qiáng)拍)的前半拍為強(qiáng)位,后半拍為弱位,第二拍(弱拍)的前半拍為弱拍中的強(qiáng)位,后半拍為弱拍中的弱位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4mIoQIsaySuIQ1yQIGqmGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"識(shí)譜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2OAscGi4SOCikpg80Ir3m5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吉他譜就是彈奏吉他的記譜方法,包括“六線譜”、“五線譜”和“簡譜”等。其中六線譜屬記錄指法的樂譜,是最常見的吉他譜,我們以最常見的六線譜為例,從上到下,依次為一弦、二弦,一直到六弦。這是對(duì)應(yīng)咱們吉他的六根弦的,具體看下圖示例,幾種常見的吉他譜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoocsw4WKqqYSEPfapgqjUg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":225,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"識(shí)譜","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d6586810ca844acdb6c1afc6506f79b6","width":263},"text":"","id":"doxcn2GMCeqe2I4Quy21zJptK8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"這六根線,具體對(duì)應(yīng)下圖的吉他琴弦,1弦最細(xì),6弦最粗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKsQOYgEqAuqiADL0F6PGIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM4Ag8QAUA6e4YbOWNLfAih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":166,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"識(shí)譜","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e6dd596066d4473d975587a85b151912","width":486},"text":"","id":"doxcnyGQ6eqSaSeuaE5bSjraIbh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"左手指法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQwAmK46SIyY2QX0hoYpRzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圖1六線譜上方是和弦圖+和弦名,用來標(biāo)注我們彈吉他時(shí)左手按弦的指法,譜上字母表示著調(diào)子的高低,這是最基礎(chǔ)的識(shí)譜方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2IeUUyCoAOeUp4WBVf6Th"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"右手指法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUSGk2IEisyWiq2DIVsvnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"右手指法可以看到丁香花吉他六線譜中用x表示,即","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"左手按好","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"和弦右手彈用x標(biāo)注了的弦,有些吉他譜直接在六線譜上用數(shù)字標(biāo)注,如《丁香花》吉他譜3小節(jié)中1弦上3、2、0表示左手按1弦3品,1弦2品,一弦空弦音(即左手不按弦時(shí)彈響的音)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqWOyWssQwqkSShPmg2hSe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"右手指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e10c3936f1d04408a3dc1d2d4b16fba7","width":476},"text":"","id":"doxcnqyaousqKs4yiKihO9Stn8f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"左右手的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMAegIOQmqiCouu3iuXhvhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練熟基本的左右手技術(shù)后,要進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)左右手的技巧:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwIOAGi4EumiKU5qzAwepBb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、槌弦法(Hammer-on)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQ8ISky4MCAcuiPt1elFwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用右手彈弦后,左手之任一手指可在該弦上任一琴格做槌弦動(dòng)作,即在同一弦上,由一較低音槌擊弦至高音的動(dòng)作。槌弦時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)作要快,且槌弦后手指切勿松開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI06UsQckikuiURnvI0FlKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM0uqWuq2MOGc4xWLiWnSbb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":283,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一、槌弦法(Hammer-on)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d45866f3fded479f94278307b456e271","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnK2QoQSeYsouWYfIxY6299d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMKiugM8Asu4kWje79235bb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一、槌弦法(Hammer-on)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a26e0ad58bfd4c10a3ea4bc23a772cdf","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnIWoGcEyuWyWiM5fAviMThf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、勾弦法(Pull-off) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2eMguKMiioQosxbgZkoief"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用左手之任一指按住一音,待右手彈奏該弦后,左手手指將該弦往下方勾,再放掉該弦。即在同一弦上,由一較高音勾弦至較低音的動(dòng)作。勾弦時(shí),左手手指是朝著食指的方向往下勾。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OyiIAwKEwWis9SkZhq6kf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":272,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"二、勾弦法(Pull-off) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/157ac8745a3f4cc8bce486075584224e","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnk6W6keSmYcOA0Wz1w8PWye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUweMksk8acspD54HexNES"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":203,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"二、勾弦法(Pull-off) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c20619c960942f6aabc04eb87187fe7","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn2YQ4GsycU2s4Oa1UH2pnMb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、滑弦法(Slide) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQaIsYyesY4Q2pA4DTmqLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用左手手指按住任一音,待右手彈弦后,左手手指順著琴格滑至另一音的琴格上,左手手指切勿離弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6QWGomekeqWC4mOC9Bmdzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另一種的滑弦稱為 Gliss,Gliss的滑弦是一種沒有指定音的滑音方式,不管下滑或是上滑都沒有固定的音,也因?yàn)闆]有指定的音,所以比較偏向是一種“效果”而非是“音”。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwu0WU2GEWaIIHWwkBN0rh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSO8o8YymY2quyUEvKeYzFc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三、滑弦法(Slide) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0754cc5c2104ea883b44c3985f93d99","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn4O2UwEG2k4io4B7EOBtTIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY0yWqaqWyu8EIneZNyPLYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":196,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三、滑弦法(Slide) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac13ae5ed8b3455890f6090772fd5a0e","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnCEcQqouAMGskNZzWudFiBR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、推弦法(Chocking) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAeqQeU24OkYmIR314MvCVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"將一個(gè)音彈奏之后,將按著的弦往上推(或往下引)而改變音程的彈奏方式,稱為Chocking。又可稱之為 Bending。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Ge8qKiGO4AO6jxUxaY9oh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":183,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"四、推弦法(Chocking) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e09d18f7cd240a4aee12183ea9004e2","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnw6auw6WMkiYMrp2TNgUTqs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniuuKSac2YkAuuM6NrIS70c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":173,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"四、推弦法(Chocking) ","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c842fb6a368443a9f805c03ff4853c3","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn00UiYMIUuUieI16OIsDHnd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"和弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM6ykQA64seAoUx6BF9BGfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"和弦就是音程的構(gòu)成關(guān)系,目的就是達(dá)到和諧好聽,它的構(gòu)成就像咱們通常說的三角形、平行四邊形,梯形等等的構(gòu)成關(guān)系是一樣,三角形是最穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系,那么,在和弦的構(gòu)在中,因?yàn)?35這三個(gè)音分別叫主音,中音,屬音,在大調(diào)中屬于最穩(wěn)定的音,所以構(gòu)成的大三和弦,引導(dǎo)整個(gè)歌曲的進(jìn)行。其余的如屬和弦,下屬和弦也屬于穩(wěn)定的三角形,所以,也是構(gòu)成歌曲的主要和弦之一,像其他的少見的7和弦,減和弦,增和弦,這些就是不穩(wěn)的結(jié)構(gòu),就像平行四邊形一樣,起到裝飾表達(dá)特殊情感的構(gòu)成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6kYSkAKUCEMgP9TdkgLlg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"和弦的構(gòu)成:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUo0i0AguwEqcEHJ7JZCvmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"和弦就是以一個(gè)根音為基礎(chǔ),按固定的結(jié)構(gòu)組成,無論在哪個(gè)調(diào)里,都是按此固定結(jié)構(gòu)來組成,比如說大三和弦,固定結(jié)構(gòu)是135,什么是固定的呢,音程和音數(shù)是固定的,13是大三度,35是小三度,所以,大三度+小三度構(gòu)成的和弦就叫大三和弦,它的音數(shù)也是固定的,前面是兩個(gè)全音,后同是一個(gè)半全音,因?yàn)榧弦粋€(gè)品格是半音,所以,用全音半音來組和弦,更容易找到對(duì)應(yīng)的音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAcsQcKsGkaaQLaEL8yUYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音階","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8uSu46iW0qAIcR3lwt3jKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音階最通俗的理解就是音的高低排列,就像臺(tái)階一樣,從低到高,有個(gè)固定規(guī)律叫音階,1234567i(多來咪發(fā)索拉稀多)7個(gè)臺(tái)階構(gòu)成音階循環(huán)到i(高音多)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniwiS42qGmsoAiAnDHsXqEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKYS0Y6OoagwUFKoM6adeg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":280,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音階","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7d0ddd362fe04558b9541c6592344c0a","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnQmSwOQki4CyGYXSO7ttJFd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音級(jí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsgeA4YMC4IMwSiCwDe0ctb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音級(jí)最簡單的理解就是七個(gè)音階中每個(gè)音所處的等級(jí)。用全音半音來表示,比如說1到2之間就是全音,由兩個(gè)半音組成,3和4之間就半音,由一個(gè)半音組成,然后還有7i之音也是一個(gè)半音組成,其他23、45、56、67都是由兩個(gè)半音組成,叫全音,這是固定的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmoYUI2O8e6qAaOicfbdspd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggIMOOySEE8iOEFgFJJfMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":315,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音級(jí)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6095762e9624478f814a86272c3587b0","width":475},"text":"","id":"doxcnKqy6MK0CKM4uyKsplSkCWg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二平均律","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcqQwk86iWSsQjkYoTOOth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二平均律是一個(gè)規(guī)律,就是把7個(gè)音階分成十二個(gè)級(jí)別的單獨(dú)音(半音),形成固定的等級(jí)高低規(guī)律,叫十二平均律,怎么分的呢,就是把12、23、45、56、67的一個(gè)臺(tái)階劈成兩個(gè)臺(tái)階,共十個(gè)音級(jí),34和7i之間本身是半個(gè)臺(tái)階,這樣就總共由12個(gè)小臺(tái)階線成一個(gè)循環(huán)規(guī)律,就叫十二平均律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUyGk2oO0UqW4aiUbJ4Vff"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS82e080OciAMohnIJHwcTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音程最通俗的理解就是音與音之間的高度關(guān)系,通常有度作為單位來表示,就是咱們常聽到的一度,二度,三度、五度等等。最簡單的一度就是同一個(gè)音之間的高度叫一度,比如說1本身就是一度,2本身就是一度,3本身就是一度,4、5、6、7都是這樣的叫純一度。具體如下表:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0GAKG6ikKaMKOWkEXgCUVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4CsA2KKUWqK6ORNaA87Zr9"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":756,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音程","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2092cca416645e39aa4da6d89359f1c","width":765},"text":"","id":"doxcnAQwoCYYaeuoAos5Sm6jJqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音數(shù)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYC6iCYKkwGM06zaI6sfrpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音數(shù)就是指音程中包含的全音半音的數(shù)目,比如說1-3叫中間有兩個(gè)全音,音數(shù)就是2,屬于大三度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngyiUiQmYuO8e45PLMtpAob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6SGiUa6QaaKcQL8Nq2LpC"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":740,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音數(shù)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/788536e4c1b34252b32f2e7299042c40","width":740},"text":"","id":"doxcnQq44CmkQgeOUEbl7usH8nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"和弦是和聲的基礎(chǔ),了解和弦的目的,一是為和彈唱伴奏,唱與彈的音形成和諧的關(guān)系,二是為了指彈獨(dú)奏曲里的編配。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82Gc6ioQgOm48j52kTpBWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"練習(xí)方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWYUYQ8AekGmYIbOoxuzV9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"練好吉他和弦對(duì)吉他初學(xué)者來說是一件不容易的事情,需要很好的耐心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6I4KioQ02sC4wXVMEg29Dg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"按住和弦,腳打拍子,心里默數(shù)節(jié)拍,一般初學(xué)數(shù)4拍為宜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU064WkQOWsCCAYUVpU57dE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、每4拍做一個(gè)循環(huán),當(dāng)數(shù)1的時(shí)候同時(shí)按下手指,數(shù)4即將結(jié)束的時(shí)候松開手指。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWW2GcCAWMAkiG6Rombg83d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、手指不要離開琴弦,只是松開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngCm4CmmgSK2gvrQbFtLELQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"當(dāng)手型固定以后,還是按4拍來數(shù),這時(shí)候手指離開琴弦,但要保持手型不變,以此類推,練習(xí)不同的和弦。尤其大橫按的練習(xí),以上步驟尤為重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmCoU84aAS0uy6DuWY5GTHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、當(dāng)練習(xí)完成幾個(gè)基本和弦以后,可以進(jìn)行不同和弦的轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmGko80oKKkegkJBgq51dlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、當(dāng)單手轉(zhuǎn)換比較熟練后,加入右手撥片掃弦,還是按照4拍進(jìn)行就可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0aqww4GICQ6cKIqOYLLIQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、掃弦練習(xí)比較熟練后,可進(jìn)行分解和弦的連續(xù)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEQkUuqkmioksaA7AaQWqVc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分解和弦記譜:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawuwwuA8Im4cCBtkCquycb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以丁香花的吉他譜為例,1小節(jié);左手按Em和弦然后右手分別彈響4弦-3弦-2弦-1弦-2弦-3弦,因?yàn)閳D2-2中可以看到每個(gè)音的時(shí)值是一樣,所以我們彈響的每個(gè)音的時(shí)長也應(yīng)該是一樣的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmqyGqmISqa60mA6YlGA5Bg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2小節(jié);左手按Cmaj7和弦然后右手分別彈響5弦-3弦-2弦-1弦-2弦-3弦,同樣時(shí)值也一樣長。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm88Is0kiSwk4Wm5wrQQNoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3小節(jié);左手按D和弦然后右手彈用x標(biāo)注的弦,1弦上有數(shù)字3標(biāo)注的表示左手按1弦3品彈出的音,然后左手按1弦2品彈出的音,再然后彈1弦空弦音(六線譜上0表示空弦音;即左手不按弦時(shí)彈響的音)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGAcsg62eOYkwKKiQS4kgCb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分解和弦記譜:","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e2420d143774e41950416ce2f5bec1b","width":514},"text":"","id":"doxcnq4IiM4GaKwEoIdhyXB6NGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCw4qESoaEMIcbwvOyFGdc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分解和弦記譜:","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/347ebf70f1734c68bd3460e00639d70c","width":503},"text":"","id":"doxcn4s4gkISIMeuwARTLWh5uhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吉他六線譜中右手掃弦的記譜方法是,向下掃弦時(shí)用向上的箭頭\"↑\" 標(biāo)記,向上掃弦時(shí)用向下的箭頭\"↓\"標(biāo)記。掃弦節(jié)奏型的時(shí)值記法也與簡譜的記法相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskCQq6yYam2cc1M28rb74g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2msKCKA80W4yMRaUT5Z0ih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"當(dāng)左右手都練熟以后就可以開始練習(xí)彈唱了,按照譜子先將吉他伴奏練熟,達(dá)到不需要過腦子的境界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAm6KU6M8Owmy89hc4qzQth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦歌曲:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI0iKAUA0MWiSoR0AOlX0Zc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"01 Jam-《七月上》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOAYuUmEu4UyaiUPG1hNmpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oioass0akeYCckDAUmN5d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":715,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c73ecfd2bbaf43458787f8a406549ffd","width":565},"text":"","id":"doxcnWwUmu6skCWSI4xFPp8esQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"02 樸樹-《平凡之路》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngYyUqqymO6Y4gPTppY91Wf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngWaUmuKEguei89r4yC7voe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":972,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7db915958d2b43379256deba64a3f652","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnss66QqsqG8YQKUqNMCKlph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"03 宋冬野-《安和橋》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGsQw2oUWSOwEEz7RvfOyvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":861,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ecd83819030843d3bc6c5ff814f82a4c","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnQM8SQAcIGsmsGm4Tnpzlqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwWW4aaKWoMEHrkJmXXhDu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"04 陳粒-《奇妙能力歌》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEeKq4QAAoIgS6uZpTJzNkb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":607,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1e3cc264eb948c398fd298068e1969c","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcn2a0u2cAA8yay2zrXjOy4hf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWSWsaUq8EeKuAx0u7kcjAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"05 萬能青年旅店-《殺死內(nèi)個(gè)石家莊人》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIm6QCSooK0Ckw36EMNNsph"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ea6adcf172444b79c72b9db2ff9e385","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnwWO422I4Uk42UNydVNMGvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnce4mWIUMmi0y65L8aBgwpH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"06 痛仰樂隊(duì)-《公路之歌》 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE6a2Ig28IikiGM1DSKamrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彈唱歌曲伴奏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bc92f979177441c19035f5653291117e","width":524},"text":"","id":"doxcnYk4AGQ0YOKQkIVyaK44Qfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"還有《知足》五月天、《聽不到》五月天、《我的歌聲里》曲婉婷、《月亮代表我的心》各種版本、《老男孩》筷子兄弟、《彩虹》周杰倫、《忽然之間》莫文蔚、《愛的就是你》王力宏等等都是非常適用于新吉他手的入門歌曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyKWeMecEua6Oi8yNiN5Scd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦書籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK6OAMsQIy4wQmIEGVUL1zh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一本,《","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"索爾吉他教程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》。作者費(fèi)爾南多·索爾被稱為“吉他音樂的貝多芬”,你就知道他的分量了,在這本書中,作者并沒有像題主擔(dān)心的那樣加入各種練習(xí)曲,里面都是你想學(xué)的東西,如音樂學(xué)科理論、吉他講解,音質(zhì)和音色的分析、如何持琴、如何撥弦、每根弦上的指法安排等,看完你會(huì)有很多收獲。這本書給我的最大感受就是作者是真的愛吉他、懂吉他,比如他覺得很多人批評(píng)吉他問題很多,其實(shí)是他們自己使用不當(dāng),同時(shí)他會(huì)提出改進(jìn)方法,很值得一看的書!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAymIAAoQceIesTu10tLr7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二本,《","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"伯克利現(xiàn)代吉他教程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》。此書豆瓣評(píng)分9.4,同類頂尖水平,書名中的伯克利是美國著名的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"伯克利音樂學(xué)院","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的簡稱,王力宏、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"歐陽娜娜","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、查理·普斯都是這里出來的。這本書的練習(xí)曲目多一些,但我還是推薦給你,原因有二:一,書中仍然有你需要的知識(shí),包括和弦、指型,還有調(diào)弦、譜號(hào)等;二,書中的練習(xí)曲目是作者專門為吉他演奏而創(chuàng)作的原創(chuàng)作品,對(duì)提高你的音樂素養(yǎng)和演奏水平很有幫助,伯克利音樂學(xué)院的教材,值得你相信。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACSMqGAeiiWci4Ykvoa17e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三本,《","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"從零起步學(xué)吉他","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》??磿憔椭懒?,這是一本對(duì)初學(xué)者很友好的書,事實(shí)上也的確如此。書的開頭介紹了吉他的起源、發(fā)展、構(gòu)造、種類,還會(huì)教你怎么選購和保養(yǎng),讓你對(duì)吉他有一個(gè)深入的了解,這對(duì)你很有幫助。另外,題主關(guān)心的音階、和弦、調(diào)和調(diào)式、指型等,書中都有詳細(xì)的講解,總之很適合你的一本書,也被不少吉他初學(xué)者推崇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnisGoOq0QmUQei3AMJetqeb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIUY42oEUAAUusG2aaZUC0t"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

5. wqa是什么意思

出納是一項(xiàng)專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的工作。出納人員必須了解和掌握出納工作的特點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、職能等基本知識(shí),這是做好出納工作的前提條件。同時(shí),出納的工作崗位要求出納人員必須具備特有的工作技巧。下面為大家進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹。

出納崗位認(rèn)知

出納崗位

出納,作為會(huì)計(jì)名詞,運(yùn)用在不同場合有著不同的含義。通常,出納一詞有出納工作和出納人員兩種含義。

一、出納工作

顧名思義,“出”即支出,“納”即收入。出納工作是管理貨幣資金、票據(jù)、有價(jià)證券進(jìn)出的一項(xiàng)工作。具體地講,出納是按照有關(guān)規(guī)定和制度,辦理本單位的現(xiàn)金收付、銀行結(jié)算及有關(guān)賬務(wù)、保管庫存現(xiàn)金、有價(jià)證券、財(cái)務(wù)印章及有關(guān)票據(jù)等工作的總稱。

二、出納人員

出納人員,從廣義上來說,既包括各單位會(huì)計(jì)部門設(shè)置的出納人員,也包括各業(yè)務(wù)部門的各類收款員、工資發(fā)放員(專職或兼職)等。無論是專職的還是兼職的收款員、工資發(fā)放員,他們大都直接與現(xiàn)金、銀行結(jié)算票據(jù)打交道,也要填制和審核一些原始憑證,他們必須保證自己經(jīng)手的貨幣資金、票據(jù)的安全與完整,他們所從事的收款業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)際上是單位出納人員的工作延伸。

從狹義上來說,出納人員僅指單位會(huì)計(jì)部門從事資金收付和核算工資的出納人員。

崗位任職要求

做好出納工作并不是一件很容易的事,它要求出納員要有全面精通的政策水平,熟練高超的業(yè)務(wù)技能,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致的工作作風(fēng)。

1、政策水平

出納工作涉及的“規(guī)矩”很多,如,《會(huì)計(jì)法》及各種會(huì)計(jì)制度,現(xiàn)金管理制度及銀行結(jié)算制度,《會(huì)計(jì)人員職權(quán)條例》及《會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)工作規(guī)范》,成本管理?xiàng)l例及費(fèi)用報(bào)銷制度,稅收管理制度及發(fā)票管理辦法,還有本單位自己的財(cái)務(wù)管理規(guī)定等。做好出納工作的第一件大事就是學(xué)習(xí)、了解、掌握財(cái)經(jīng)法規(guī)和制度,提高政策水平。

2、業(yè)務(wù)技能

提高出納業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)水平關(guān)鍵在手上,打算盤、用電腦、開票據(jù)、點(diǎn)票幣都離不開手。而要提高手的功夫,關(guān)鍵在勤,勤能生巧。

3、工作作風(fēng)

作出納員每天和金錢打交道,稍有不慎就會(huì)造成意想不到的損失,出納員必須養(yǎng)成與出納職業(yè)相符合的工作作風(fēng),概括起來就是:精力集中,有條不紊,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致,沉著冷靜。

精力集中就是工作起來就要全身心地投入,不為外界所干擾;有條不紊就是計(jì)算器具擺放整齊,賬款票據(jù)存放有序,辦公環(huán)境潔而不亂;嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致就是收支計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確無誤,手續(xù)完備,不發(fā)生工作差錯(cuò);沉著冷靜就是在復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,化險(xiǎn)為夷。

4、安全意識(shí)

現(xiàn)金、有價(jià)證券、票據(jù)、各種印鑒,既要有內(nèi)部的保管分工,各負(fù)其責(zé),并相互牽制;也要有對(duì)外的保安措施,從辦公用房的建造,門、屜、柜的鎖具配置,到保險(xiǎn)柜密碼的管理,都要符合保安的要求。出納人員既要密切配合保安部門的工作,更要增強(qiáng)自身的保安意識(shí)。

5、道德修養(yǎng)

出納人員必須具備良好的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng),要熱愛本職工作,敬業(yè)、精業(yè);要科學(xué)理財(cái),充分發(fā)揮資金的使用效益;要遵紀(jì)守法,嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督,并且以身作則;要潔身自好,不貪、不占公家便宜;要實(shí)事求是,真實(shí)客觀地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的本來面目;要注意保守機(jī)密;要竭力為本單位的中心工作、為單位的總體利益、為全體員工服務(wù),牢固樹立為人民服務(wù)的思想。

職責(zé)及方法

一、出納崗位職責(zé)

1、辦理現(xiàn)金收付和結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)

出納員應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守現(xiàn)金開支范圍,非現(xiàn)金結(jié)算范圍不得用現(xiàn)金收付;遵守庫存現(xiàn)金限額,超限額的現(xiàn)金按規(guī)定及時(shí)送存銀行;現(xiàn)金管理要做到日清月結(jié),賬面余額與庫存現(xiàn)金每日下班前應(yīng)核對(duì),發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,及時(shí)查糾;銀行存款日記賬與銀行對(duì)賬單也要定期核對(duì),如有不符,應(yīng)及時(shí)與銀行核查原因。

2、登記現(xiàn)金日記賬和銀行存款日記賬

根據(jù)收、付款憑證,逐日逐筆登記現(xiàn)金日記賬和銀行存款日記帳,日清月結(jié),做到賬實(shí)相符。

3、保管庫存現(xiàn)金和各種有價(jià)證券

要建立適合本單位情況的現(xiàn)金和有價(jià)證券保管責(zé)任制,如發(fā)生現(xiàn)金短缺,屬于出納員責(zé)任的要進(jìn)行賠償。

4、保管有關(guān)印章、空白收據(jù)和空白支票

印章、空白票據(jù)的安全保管十分重要,在實(shí)際工作中,因丟失印章和空白票據(jù)給單位帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的不乏其例。對(duì)此,出納員必須高度重視,建立嚴(yán)格的管理辦法。通常,單位財(cái)務(wù)公章和出納員名章要實(shí)行分管,交由出納員保管的出納印章要嚴(yán)格按規(guī)定用途使用,各種票據(jù)要辦理領(lǐng)用和注銷手續(xù)。

二、出納的方法

出納的方法是用來反映和監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)對(duì)象、完成出納任務(wù)的手段。出納方法主要包括以下幾點(diǎn):

1、設(shè)置賬戶

出納對(duì)象的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)雜多樣的,要對(duì)出納對(duì)象所包含的經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的反映和監(jiān)督,就要對(duì)它們進(jìn)行科學(xué)的分類,以便取得各種不同性質(zhì)的核算指標(biāo)。因此,對(duì)各項(xiàng)貨幣資金和有價(jià)證券的增加和減少,都要按規(guī)定設(shè)置賬戶,進(jìn)行歸類記賬,以便取得經(jīng)營管理所需要的各種不同性質(zhì)的核算指標(biāo)。

出納常設(shè)的賬戶有:“現(xiàn)金日記賬——人民幣戶”、“現(xiàn)金日記賬——××外幣戶”、“銀行存款日記賬——結(jié)算戶存款”、“銀行存款日記賬——××專用戶存款”、“長期投資——股票投資(××股票)”、“長期投資——債券投資(××債券)”、“短期投資——股票投資(××股票)”、“短期投資——債券投資(××債券)”等。

2、復(fù)式記賬

復(fù)式記賬是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的一種方法。這種方法的特點(diǎn)是:對(duì)每一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)都要以相等的金額,同時(shí)記入兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的有關(guān)賬戶。

采用復(fù)式記賬法,既可以通過賬戶的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系了解有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的全貌,又可以通過賬戶的平衡關(guān)系檢查有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的記錄是否正確。因此,此法是一種比較完善、科學(xué)的記賬方法,為世界各國所普遍采用。

3、填制和審核憑證

出納憑證是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)、明確經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的書面證明,是登記賬簿的依據(jù)。對(duì)于已經(jīng)發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),都要由經(jīng)辦人員或有關(guān)單位填制憑證,并簽名蓋章。

出納憑證的審核,主要是對(duì)各種原始憑證的審核和記賬憑證的審核,只有通過審核無誤的憑證,才可以作為出納記賬的依據(jù)。填制和審核出納憑證是實(shí)行出納監(jiān)督的一個(gè)非常重要的方面。

4、登記賬簿

賬簿是用來全面、連續(xù)、系統(tǒng)、綜合地記錄各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的簿籍,也是保存會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)資料的重要工具。

登記賬簿就是把所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)按其發(fā)生的順序,分門別類地記入有關(guān)賬簿,以便為經(jīng)營管理提供完整的、系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)資料,登記賬簿必須以經(jīng)過審核的憑證為依據(jù);同時(shí)按照規(guī)定,把所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)分別記入有關(guān)賬戶;并定期進(jìn)行結(jié)賬,計(jì)算和累計(jì)各項(xiàng)核算指標(biāo);還要定期核對(duì)賬目,使賬實(shí)保持一致。出納賬簿提供的各種數(shù)據(jù)資料,是編制出納報(bào)表的主要依據(jù)。

5、財(cái)產(chǎn)清查

財(cái)產(chǎn)清查就是盤點(diǎn)實(shí)物、核對(duì)賬目,查明各項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)物資和資金的實(shí)有數(shù)額及占用情況。在實(shí)際工作中,由于種種原因,賬面資料有時(shí)同實(shí)際情況不相一致,為了做到賬實(shí)相符,挖掘財(cái)產(chǎn)、物資的潛力,加強(qiáng)對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)、物資的管理,就必須進(jìn)行財(cái)產(chǎn)清查。

在清查中,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)某些財(cái)產(chǎn)物資和資金的實(shí)有數(shù)額同賬面結(jié)存數(shù)額不一致,則應(yīng)查明賬實(shí)不符的原因,作出相應(yīng)的處理,并調(diào)整賬簿記錄,使賬存數(shù)額同實(shí)存數(shù)額保持一致。

6、編制出納報(bào)告

出納報(bào)告是指根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬、銀行對(duì)賬單等核算資料,定期編制的書面文件,報(bào)告本單位一定時(shí)期(月、年)現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、有價(jià)證券的收、支、存情況,并與總賬會(huì)計(jì)核對(duì)期末余額。

上述各種出納核算方法是相互聯(lián)系、密切配合的,構(gòu)成了一個(gè)完整的體系。

三、出納賬務(wù)處理程序

出納賬務(wù)處理的基本程序是:

(1)根據(jù)原始憑證或匯總原始憑證填制收款憑證、付款憑證;對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)賬投資有價(jià)證券業(yè)務(wù),還要根據(jù)原始憑證或匯總原始憑證直接登記有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬(債券投資明細(xì)分類賬、股票投資明細(xì)分類賬等)。

(2)根據(jù)收款憑證、付款憑證逐筆登記現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬。

(3)現(xiàn)金日記賬的余額與庫存現(xiàn)金每天進(jìn)行核對(duì),與現(xiàn)金總分類賬定期進(jìn)行核對(duì);銀行存款日記賬與開戶銀行出具的銀行對(duì)賬單逐筆進(jìn)行核對(duì),至少每月一次,銀行存款日記賬的余額與銀行存款總分類賬定期進(jìn)行核對(duì);有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬與庫存有價(jià)證券要定期進(jìn)行核對(duì)。

(4)根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬、開戶銀行出具的銀行對(duì)賬單等,定期或不定期編制出納報(bào)告,提供出納核算信息。

與會(huì)計(jì)的關(guān)系

出納工作和會(huì)計(jì)是密不可分的。對(duì)于初次接觸出納的人來說,首先必須接受一點(diǎn)會(huì)計(jì)的基本理論,這樣對(duì)今后的出納工作不無裨益。會(huì)計(jì)與出納之間是分工協(xié)作的關(guān)系,主要表現(xiàn)為:作為記賬憑證的會(huì)計(jì)憑證必須在出納、明細(xì)賬會(huì)計(jì)、總賬會(huì)計(jì)之間按照一定的順序傳遞。他們相互利用對(duì)方的核算資料,共同完成會(huì)計(jì)核算任務(wù),缺一不可。同時(shí),他們之間又互相牽制。

出納的現(xiàn)金和銀行存款日記賬與總賬會(huì)計(jì)的現(xiàn)金和銀行存款總分類賬,總分類賬與其所屬的明細(xì)分類賬,明細(xì)分類賬中的有價(jià)證券賬與出納賬中相應(yīng)的有價(jià)證券賬,均為金額上的等量關(guān)系。

出納崗位技能

數(shù)字書寫

一、中文數(shù)字書寫技能

會(huì)計(jì)中文數(shù)字主要是用于簽發(fā)支票、匯票、發(fā)票等各種憑證的書寫。其具體的書寫規(guī)則如下:

1、中文數(shù)字內(nèi)容

中文數(shù)字大寫包括:零、壹、貳、叁、肆、伍、陸、柒、捌、玖、拾、佰、千、萬、億、元、角、分、整。上列數(shù)字書寫應(yīng)用正楷體或行書書寫,書寫過程不能夠用一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、另等字代替,也不得擅自編造數(shù)字。

2、貨幣名稱的寫法

大寫金額前若沒有印制“人民幣”字樣的,書寫時(shí),在大寫金額前要冠以“人民幣”字樣。“人民幣”與金額首位數(shù)字之間不得留有空格,數(shù)字之間更不能留存空格,寫數(shù)字與讀數(shù)字順序要一致。

3、“整”字的寫法

人民幣以元為單位時(shí),只要人民幣元后分位沒有金額(即無角無分時(shí)或有角無分時(shí)),應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾;如果分位有金額,在“分”后不必寫“整”字。

例如:¥58.69

大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元陸角玖分(因其分位有金額,在“分”后不必寫“整”字。)

例如:¥58.00

大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元整(因其角位和分位沒有金額,應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾)

例如:¥58.60

大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元陸角整(因其分位沒有金額,應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾。)

4、“零”字的用法

小寫金額數(shù)字中有“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額要寫“零”字。如果金額數(shù)字中間有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上“0”字時(shí),中文大寫金額可只寫一個(gè)“零”字。如果小寫金額數(shù)字萬位是“0”或元位是“0”,或者金額數(shù)字中間連續(xù)有幾個(gè)“0”,萬位、元位也是“0”,但千位、角位不是“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額可以只寫一個(gè)“零”字,也可以不寫“零”字。如果小寫金額數(shù)字角位是“0”,分位不是“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額元后面應(yīng)寫“零”字。

例如:¥508.69

大寫:人民幣伍佰零捌元陸角玖分

例如:¥5008.00

大寫:人民幣伍仟零捌元整

例如:¥800.10

大寫:人民幣捌佰元零壹角整

表示數(shù)字為拾幾、拾幾萬時(shí),大寫文字前必須有數(shù)字“壹”字,因?yàn)椤笆啊弊执砦粩?shù),而不是數(shù)字。

例如:¥10

大寫:人民幣壹拾元整

例如:¥178540.63

大寫:人民幣壹拾柒萬捌仟伍佰肆拾元陸角叁分

二、阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫技能

阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字在進(jìn)行填寫單據(jù)、填寫憑證、編制報(bào)表及整個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)核算過程的記錄和計(jì)算中被廣泛應(yīng)用,正確、規(guī)范和流利書寫阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,是我國會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)掌握的基本功。從字體上講,既不能把這些數(shù)字寫成刻版劃一的印刷體,也不能把它們寫成難以辨認(rèn)的草字體,更不能為追求書寫形式把它們寫成美術(shù)體。

從數(shù)字本身所占的位置看既不能把數(shù)字寫滿格,占滿行,又不能把字寫得太小,密密麻麻,讓人不易辨清楚,更不能超越賬頁上既定的數(shù)格。從字型上看,既不能讓數(shù)字垂直上下,也不能歪斜過度,更不能左傾右斜,毫無整潔感覺。在財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)中,尤其是會(huì)計(jì)記賬過程中書寫的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,同數(shù)學(xué)中或漢文字學(xué)中的書寫方法并不一致,也不盡相同。

1、書寫中要做到各數(shù)字自成體型,大小勻稱,筆順清晰,合乎手寫體習(xí)慣,流暢、自然、不刻板。

2、書寫要字跡工整,排列整齊有序且有一定的傾斜度,一般數(shù)字與底線成45°~60°的傾斜,并以向左下方傾斜為好。應(yīng)使每位數(shù)字(7、9除外)緊靠底線。每位數(shù)字高度約占預(yù)留格子(或空行)的1/2空格位置,每位數(shù)字之間一般不要連接,但不可預(yù)留間隔(以不增加數(shù)字為好);每位數(shù)字上方預(yù)留1/2空格位置,可以更正錯(cuò)誤記錄時(shí)使用。具體書寫要求下圖所示。

(1)“0”字書寫時(shí),緊貼底線,圓要閉合,不宜過小,否則易被改為“9”字;幾個(gè)“0”連寫時(shí),不要寫連接線。

(2)“1”書寫時(shí),要斜直,不能比其他數(shù)字短,否則易被改成“4”“6”“7”“9”等數(shù)碼字。

(3)“2”書寫時(shí),不能寫成“Z”,落筆應(yīng)緊貼底線,否則易被改成“3”字。

(4)“3”書寫時(shí),拐彎處光滑流暢,起筆處至拐彎處距離稍長,不宜過短,否則易被改成“5”。

(5)“4”字書寫時(shí),“∠”角要死折,即豎要斜寫,橫要平直且長,折角不能圓滑,否則易被改成“6”字。

(6)“5”字書寫時(shí),橫、鉤必須明顯,不可拖泥帶水,否則易被改成或混淆成“8”字。

(7)“6”字書寫時(shí),起筆處在上半格的1/4處,下圓要明顯,否則易被改成“4”“8”字。

(8)“7”字書寫時(shí),橫要平直明顯(即稍長),豎稍斜,拐彎處不能圓滑,否則易與“1”“9”相混淆。

(9)“9”字書寫時(shí),上部的小圓要閉合,不留間隙,并且一豎稍長,略微出底線,否則易與“4”字混淆。

3、阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字前應(yīng)寫明幣種符號(hào),幣種符號(hào)與阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字金額之間不得留有空白。凡阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字前有幣種符號(hào)的,數(shù)字后邊不再寫單位。以元為單位的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,除表示單價(jià)外一律寫到角分;無角分的,角分位寫“00”或符號(hào)“一”;有角無分的,分位應(yīng)寫“0”,不得寫符號(hào)“一”。

例如:人民幣伍佰零捌元陸角玖分

數(shù)字寫:¥508.69

例如:人民幣伍仟零捌元整

數(shù)字寫:¥5008.00

4、為了讀數(shù)與看數(shù)的方便,將整數(shù)部分用分節(jié)號(hào)(即從個(gè)位起每隔三位用“,”)或空格分開,個(gè)位與十分位之間用小數(shù)點(diǎn)(即“.”)標(biāo)明。

例如:人民幣叁仟伍佰肆拾壹元柒角叁分

數(shù)字寫:¥3,541.73或¥3541.73

使用計(jì)算器具

一、計(jì)算器盲打技能

計(jì)算器盲打是人們?cè)陂L期的實(shí)踐工作中逐步摸索、總結(jié)出來的快速計(jì)算方法。它有固定的操作方法,由于其速度快、效率高被廣泛應(yīng)用到會(huì)計(jì)工作中。

1、計(jì)算器盲打指法分配

計(jì)算器的基本鍵位以數(shù)字鍵為中心:4、5、6分別由右手的食指、中指和無名指控制;鍵盤左側(cè)自上而下7、4、1由食指控制,8、5、2由中指控制,9、6、3由無名指控制,0由大拇指控制,“+”“-”由小指控制。如另有需要,可由食指控制“GT”“→”“CE”“ON/C”這四個(gè)鍵。

2、計(jì)算器盲打定位

在擊鍵之前或使用運(yùn)算鍵之后,右手食指、中指、無名指應(yīng)分別定位在4、5、6三鍵的上面。在擊鍵的過程中,右手的位置如下所述:

(1)右手腕騰空,使手掌上下移動(dòng)。

(2)右手腕掌尾部放在桌子上,靠手指的移動(dòng)來完成操作。

二、傳票翻打

1、什么是傳票

傳票是指傳喚與案件有關(guān)人員到案的憑證,也指會(huì)計(jì)工作中據(jù)以登記賬目的憑單。我們這里講的傳票是指后者。我國最初的會(huì)計(jì)核算,就是在錢莊(也叫“票號(hào)”,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的銀行)里每個(gè)人都把當(dāng)天發(fā)生的賬目記在同一張紙上,由于這張紙要在他們中間傳來傳去,異地之間的傳遞還設(shè)有密押,所以就叫做“傳票”,后來就演變成了會(huì)計(jì)憑證的代名詞。現(xiàn)在,會(huì)計(jì)使用的記賬憑證和銀行里的一些憑證仍被稱為“傳票”。傳票即憑證,包括“記賬憑證和原始單據(jù)”,定期須裝訂成冊(cè)妥善保管。

2、傳票算

傳票算也稱為憑證匯總算,它是對(duì)各種單據(jù)、發(fā)票和記賬憑證進(jìn)行匯總計(jì)算的一種方法,也是加減運(yùn)算中的一種常見方式。傳票算在各行各業(yè)中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用,例如:會(huì)計(jì)、金融保險(xiǎn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)等。(如:發(fā)貨單)

3、傳票翻打

翻打傳票是訓(xùn)練一種計(jì)算能力。就是將一疊票據(jù),要邊翻邊計(jì)算,既要求準(zhǔn)確又要求快速。

(1)傳票分類。傳票按是否裝訂,可分為訂本式傳票和活頁式傳票。

(2)傳票樣本。訂本式傳票,一般每本100頁,每頁的右上角印有阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示頁碼;每頁傳票上有五筆(行)數(shù)字,每行數(shù)字前自上而下依次印有(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)、(五)的標(biāo)志(稱為行碼),“(一)”表示第一行數(shù),“(二)”表示第二行數(shù),以下同理。每行最高數(shù)有七位數(shù)字,最低有四位數(shù)字。

規(guī)格:長19厘米,寬9厘米,每頁用四號(hào)手寫體鉛字印有五行數(shù),每個(gè)數(shù)字均帶有小數(shù)位;各行數(shù)下都加印有橫線,第二、第四行的橫線較粗些,第一、第三、第五行的橫線較細(xì)些,以便在運(yùn)算過程中識(shí)別行數(shù),提高準(zhǔn)確度。

(3)驗(yàn)票(準(zhǔn)備階段)。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中首先應(yīng)分類整理各種傳票、發(fā)票等,因紙張質(zhì)量好、次、薄、厚不均,需用夾子等分成小冊(cè)。在計(jì)算前,先檢查有無少頁、重頁、破頁、粘頁及數(shù)字不清等情況,若存在上述情況之一,要調(diào)換傳票。同時(shí),為了加快翻頁速度,并避免一次翻頁粘連,要將傳票捻成扇形。

方法:左手輕捏傳票左邊,右手拿住傳票右下部,拇指在封面上方,其余四指在封面下邊,左手為軸,右手拇指向前,其余先后捻動(dòng),捻成扇形后,用夾子將左上角夾住。至于扇面大小,根據(jù)自己平時(shí)的習(xí)慣而定。

(4)翻頁。翻頁分為一次一頁翻頁傳統(tǒng)打法、一次一頁翻頁來回打法、一次雙頁翻頁打法。一次一頁翻頁傳統(tǒng)打法:翻頁時(shí)要以左手的中指、無名指、小指三個(gè)指頭,先壓住傳票的左下角,拇指、食指放在每題的起始頁,當(dāng)右手將起始頁上的數(shù)字撥入算盤或計(jì)算器時(shí),左手拇指將傳票掀起給食指和無名指夾住,拇指繼續(xù)掀起下一頁傳票。

(5)計(jì)算器指法:盲打指法。

(6)找頁。找頁的動(dòng)作快慢、準(zhǔn)確與否,直接影響傳票翻打的準(zhǔn)確和速度??焖僬翼撽P(guān)鍵是練好手感。摸好紙頁厚度,如10頁、20頁、30頁、50頁等。

(7)坐姿端正、精神集中、身體放松。

點(diǎn)鈔方法

對(duì)于手工點(diǎn)鈔,根據(jù)持票姿勢(shì)不同,又可劃分為手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法和手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法。手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法,是將鈔票放在臺(tái)面上操作;手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法是在手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來的,其速度遠(yuǎn)比手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法快,因此,手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法在全國各地應(yīng)用比較普遍。手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法,根據(jù)指法不同又可分為:單指單張、單指多張、多指多張、扇面式點(diǎn)鈔等4種。

1、單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法

用一個(gè)手指一次點(diǎn)一張的方法叫單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法。這種方法是點(diǎn)鈔中最基本也是最常用的一種方法,使用范圍較廣,頻率較高,適用于收款、付款和整點(diǎn)各種新舊大小鈔票。這種點(diǎn)鈔方法由于持票面小,能看到票面的四分之三,容易發(fā)現(xiàn)假鈔票及殘破票;缺點(diǎn)是點(diǎn)一張記一個(gè)數(shù),比較費(fèi)力。具體操作方法如下:

(1)持票。左手橫執(zhí)鈔票,下面朝向身體,左手拇指在鈔票正面左端約四分之一處,食指與中指在鈔票背面與拇指同時(shí)捏住鈔票,無名指與小指自然彎曲并伸向票前左下方,與中指夾緊鈔票,食指伸直,拇指向上移動(dòng),按住鈔票側(cè)面,將鈔票壓成瓦形,左手將鈔票從桌面上擦過,拇指順勢(shì)將鈔票向上翻成微開的扇形,同時(shí),右手拇指、食指作點(diǎn)鈔準(zhǔn)備。

(2)清點(diǎn)。左手持鈔并形成瓦形后,右手食指托住鈔票背面右上角,用拇指尖逐張向下捻動(dòng)鈔票右上角,捻動(dòng)幅度要小,不要抬得過高,要輕捻。食指在鈔票背面的右端配合拇指捻動(dòng),左手拇指按捏鈔票不要過緊,要配合右手起自然助推的作用。右手的無名指將捻起的鈔票向懷里彈,要注意輕點(diǎn)快彈。

(3)記數(shù)。與清點(diǎn)同時(shí)進(jìn)行。在點(diǎn)數(shù)速度快的情況下,往往由于記數(shù)遲緩而影響點(diǎn)鈔的效率,因此記數(shù)應(yīng)該采用分組記數(shù)法。把10作1記,即1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、1(即10),1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、2(即20),以此類推,數(shù)到1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10(即100)。采用這種記數(shù)法記數(shù)既簡單又快捷,省力又好記。但記數(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)默記,不要念出聲,做到腦、眼、手密切配合,既準(zhǔn)又快。

2、單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法

點(diǎn)鈔時(shí),一指同時(shí)點(diǎn)兩張或兩張以上的方法叫單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法。它適用于收款、付款和各種券別的整點(diǎn)工作。點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)記數(shù)簡單省力,效率高。但也有缺點(diǎn),就是在一指捻幾張時(shí),由于不能看到中間幾張的全部票面,所以假鈔和殘破票不易發(fā)現(xiàn)。這種點(diǎn)鈔法除了記數(shù)和清點(diǎn)外,其他均與單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法相同。

(1)持票。與“單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法”技法相同。

(2)清點(diǎn)。清點(diǎn)時(shí),右手食指放在鈔票背面右上角,拇指肚放在正面右上角,拇指尖超出票面,用拇指肚先捻鈔。單指雙張點(diǎn)鈔法,拇指肚先捻第一張,拇指尖捻第二張。單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法,拇指用力要均衡,捻的幅度不要太大,食指、中指在票后面配合捻動(dòng),拇指捻張,無名指向懷里彈。在右手拇指往下捻動(dòng)的同時(shí),左手拇指稍抬,使票面拱起,從側(cè)邊分層錯(cuò)開,便于看清張數(shù),左手拇指往下?lián)茆n票,右手拇指抬起讓鈔票下落,左手拇指在撥鈔的同時(shí)下按其余鈔票,左右兩手拇指一起一落協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作,如此循環(huán),直至點(diǎn)完。

(3)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。如:點(diǎn)雙數(shù),兩張為一組記一個(gè)數(shù),50組就是100張。

3、多指多張點(diǎn)鈔法

多指多張點(diǎn)鈔法是指:點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)用小指、無名指、中指、食指依次捻下一張鈔票,一次清點(diǎn)四張鈔票的方法,也叫四指四張點(diǎn)鈔法。這種點(diǎn)鈔法適用于收款、付款和整點(diǎn)工作,這種點(diǎn)鈔方法不僅省力、省腦,而且效率高。能夠逐張識(shí)別假鈔票和挑剔殘破鈔票。

(1)持票。用左手持鈔,中指在前,食指、無名指、小指在后,將鈔票夾緊,四指同時(shí)彎曲將鈔票輕壓成瓦形,拇指在鈔票的右上角外面,將鈔票推成小扇面,然后手腕向里轉(zhuǎn),使鈔票的右里角抬起,右手五指準(zhǔn)備清點(diǎn)。

(2)清點(diǎn)。右手腕抬起,拇指貼在鈔票的右里角,其余四指同時(shí)彎曲并攏,從小指開始每指捻動(dòng)一張鈔票,依次下滑四個(gè)手指,每一次下滑動(dòng)作捻下四張鈔票,循環(huán)操作,直至點(diǎn)完100張。

(3)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。每次點(diǎn)四張為一組,記滿25組為100張。

4、扇面式點(diǎn)鈔法

把鈔票捻成扇面狀進(jìn)行清點(diǎn)的方法叫扇面式點(diǎn)鈔法。這種點(diǎn)鈔方法速度快,是手工點(diǎn)鈔中效率最高的一種。但它只適合清點(diǎn)新票幣,不適于清點(diǎn)新、舊、破混合鈔票。

(1)持鈔。鈔票豎拿,左手拇指在票前下部中間票面約四分之一處。食指、中指在票后同拇指一起捏住鈔票,無名指和小指拳向手心。右手拇指在左手拇指的上端,用虎口從右側(cè)卡住鈔票成瓦形,食指、中指、無名指、小指均橫在鈔票背面,做開扇準(zhǔn)備。

(2)開扇。開扇是扇面點(diǎn)鈔的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),扇面要開的均勻,為點(diǎn)數(shù)打好基礎(chǔ),做好準(zhǔn)備。其方法是:以左手為軸,右手食指將鈔票向胸前左下方壓彎,然后再猛向右方閃動(dòng),同時(shí)右手拇指在票前向左上方推動(dòng)鈔票,食指、中指在票后面用力向右捻動(dòng),左手指在鈔票原位置向逆時(shí)針方向畫弧捻動(dòng),食指、中指在票后面用力向左上方捻動(dòng),右手手指逐步向下移動(dòng),至右下角時(shí)即可將鈔票推成扇面形。如有不均勻地方,可雙手持鈔抖動(dòng),使其均勻。打扇面時(shí),左右兩手一定要配合協(xié)調(diào),不要將鈔票捏得過緊,如果點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)采取一按十張的方法,扇面要開小些,便于點(diǎn)清。

(3)點(diǎn)數(shù)。左手持扇面,右手中指、無名指、小指托住鈔票背面,拇指在鈔票右上角1厘米處,一次按下五張或十張;按下后用食指壓住,拇指繼續(xù)向前按第二次,依此類推,同時(shí)左手應(yīng)隨右手點(diǎn)數(shù)速度向內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)扇面,以迎合右手按動(dòng),直到點(diǎn)完100張為止。

(4)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。一次按5張為一組,記滿20組為100張;一次按10張為一組,記滿10組為100張。

(5)合扇。清點(diǎn)完畢合扇時(shí),將左手向右倒,右手托住鈔票右側(cè)向左合攏,左右手指向中間一起用力,使鈔票豎立在桌面上,兩手松攏輕墩,把鈔票墩齊,準(zhǔn)備扎把。

錄入會(huì)計(jì)憑證

會(huì)計(jì)憑證

會(huì)計(jì)憑證簡稱憑證,是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),明確經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的書面證據(jù)。會(huì)計(jì)憑證是登記賬簿、進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的重要依據(jù)。正確填制和認(rèn)真審核會(huì)計(jì)憑證是出納崗位不可缺少的基礎(chǔ)工作。

任何企業(yè)、事業(yè)和行政單位在從事任何一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)時(shí),都必須辦理會(huì)計(jì)憑證,也就是由有關(guān)人員根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定和程序填制取得會(huì)計(jì)憑證,對(duì)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)過程作出書面記錄。有關(guān)部門和人員要在會(huì)計(jì)憑證上蓋章簽字,表示對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)憑證的真實(shí)性、正確性與合法性負(fù)責(zé)。會(huì)計(jì)人員必須對(duì)已取得的會(huì)計(jì)憑證進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的審核,只有準(zhǔn)確無誤的會(huì)計(jì)憑證才能作為登記各種賬簿的憑據(jù)。

封面的填寫

根據(jù)財(cái)政部《會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)工作規(guī)范》第五十五條規(guī)定的精神,會(huì)計(jì)憑證的封面在填寫時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)包括以下內(nèi)容:單位名稱、所屬的年度和月份、起訖日期、憑證種類、起訖號(hào)碼等。

傳遞與保管

一、會(huì)計(jì)憑證的傳遞

會(huì)計(jì)憑證的傳遞是指各種會(huì)計(jì)憑證從填制、取得到歸檔保管為止的全部過程,即在企業(yè)、事業(yè)和行政單位內(nèi)部有關(guān)人員和部門之間傳送、交接的過程。要規(guī)定各種憑證的填寫、傳遞單位與憑證份數(shù),規(guī)定會(huì)計(jì)憑證傳遞的程序、移交的時(shí)間和接受與保管的有關(guān)部門。

二、會(huì)計(jì)憑證的保管

會(huì)計(jì)憑證是重要的會(huì)計(jì)檔案和經(jīng)濟(jì)資料,每個(gè)單位都要建立保管制度,妥善保管。對(duì)各種會(huì)計(jì)憑證要分門別類、按照編號(hào)順序整理,裝訂成冊(cè)。封面上要注明會(huì)計(jì)憑證的名稱、起訖號(hào)、時(shí)間以及有關(guān)人員的簽章。

要妥善保管好會(huì)計(jì)憑證,在保管期間會(huì)計(jì)憑證不得外借,對(duì)超過所規(guī)定期限(一般是15年)的會(huì)計(jì)憑證,要嚴(yán)格依照有關(guān)程序銷毀。需永久保留的有關(guān)會(huì)計(jì)憑證,不能銷毀。

裝訂

會(huì)計(jì)憑證的裝訂是指把定期整理完畢的會(huì)計(jì)憑證按照編號(hào)順序,外加封面、封底,裝訂成冊(cè),并在裝訂線上加貼封簽。在封面上,應(yīng)寫明單位名稱、年度、月份、記賬憑證的種類、起訖日期、起訖號(hào)數(shù),以及記賬憑證和原始憑證的張數(shù),并在封簽處加蓋會(huì)計(jì)主管的騎縫圖章。

如果采用單式記賬憑證,在整理裝訂憑證時(shí),必須保持會(huì)計(jì)分錄的完整。為此,應(yīng)按憑證號(hào)碼順序還原裝訂成冊(cè),不得按科目歸類裝訂。對(duì)各種重要的原始單據(jù),以及各種需要隨時(shí)查閱和退回的單據(jù),應(yīng)另編目錄,單獨(dú)登記保管,并在有關(guān)的記賬憑證和原始憑證上相互注明日期和編號(hào)。

匯總裝訂后的會(huì)計(jì)憑證封面如下所示:

為了使裝訂成冊(cè)的會(huì)計(jì)憑證外形美觀,在裝訂時(shí)要考慮到憑證的整齊均勻,特別是裝訂線的位置,如果太薄時(shí)可用紙折一些三角形紙條,均勻地墊在此處,以保證它的厚度與憑證中間的厚度一致。有些會(huì)計(jì)在裝訂會(huì)計(jì)憑證時(shí)采用角訂法:裝訂起來簡單易行,這也很不錯(cuò)。它的具體操作步驟如下:

(1)將憑證封面和封底裁開,分別附在憑證前面和后面,再拿一張質(zhì)地相同的紙(可以再找一張憑證封皮,裁下一半用,另一半為訂下一本憑證備用)放在封面上角,做護(hù)角用。

(2)在憑證的左上角畫一邊長為5cm的三角形,用夾子夾住,用裝訂機(jī)在底線上分布均勻地打兩個(gè)眼兒。

(3)用大針引線繩穿過兩個(gè)眼兒。如果沒有針,可以將曲別針順直,然后將兩端折向同一個(gè)方向,將線繩從中間穿過并夾緊,即可把線引過來,因?yàn)橐话阊b訂機(jī)打出的眼兒是可以穿過的。

(4)在憑證的背面打線結(jié)。線繩最好在憑證兩端也系上。

(5)將護(hù)角向左上側(cè)折,并將一側(cè)剪開至憑證的左上角,然后抹上膠水。

(6)向后折疊,并將側(cè)面和背面的線繩扣粘死。

(7)待晾干后,在憑證本的脊背上面寫上某年某月第幾冊(cè)共幾冊(cè)的字樣。裝訂人在裝訂線封簽處簽名或者蓋章?,F(xiàn)金憑證、銀行憑證和轉(zhuǎn)賬憑證最好依次順序編號(hào),一個(gè)月從頭編一次序號(hào),如果單位的憑證少,可以全年順序編號(hào)。

保管期限

根據(jù)《會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理辦法》的規(guī)定,會(huì)計(jì)憑證的保管期限是:

(1)原始憑證:15年。

(2)記賬憑證:15年。

(3)匯總憑證:15年。

記賬業(yè)務(wù)

賬簿

一、賬簿的設(shè)置

出納主要設(shè)置訂本式的“現(xiàn)金日記賬”、“銀行存款日記賬”和有關(guān)有價(jià)證券方面的一些明細(xì)分類賬。

有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬主要核算股票、債券等有價(jià)證券的增減變動(dòng)及結(jié)存情況,出納人員對(duì)由自己保管的各種有價(jià)證券要分設(shè)明細(xì)賬進(jìn)行核算,如設(shè)“長期投資股票投資(××股票)”明細(xì)科目核算本單位對(duì)××股票的購進(jìn)、售出以及結(jié)存情況。

日記賬可以選用“三欄式”賬簿,也可以根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的特點(diǎn)和經(jīng)營管理的需要選用“多欄式”賬簿。明細(xì)賬一般選用“三欄式”賬簿。

二、出納賬簿的啟用

賬簿是重要的會(huì)計(jì)檔案和歷史資料。啟用會(huì)計(jì)賬簿時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)在賬簿封面上寫明單位名稱和賬簿名稱。

在賬簿扉頁上應(yīng)當(dāng)附啟用表,內(nèi)容包括啟用日期、賬簿頁數(shù)、記賬人員和會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人、會(huì)計(jì)主管人員姓名,并加蓋姓名章和單位公章。

記賬人員或者會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人、會(huì)計(jì)主管人員調(diào)動(dòng)時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)注明交接日期、接辦人員或者監(jiān)交人員姓名,并由交接雙方人員簽名或者蓋章。

賬簿啟用表一般格式如下圖所示:

啟用訂本式賬簿,應(yīng)當(dāng)從第一頁到最后一頁順序編定頁數(shù),不得跳頁、缺號(hào)。使用活頁式賬頁,應(yīng)當(dāng)按賬戶順序編號(hào),并須定期裝訂成冊(cè)。裝訂后再按實(shí)際使用的賬頁順序編定頁碼。在總分類賬和明細(xì)分類賬第一頁的前面,分別另加目錄,記明每個(gè)賬戶的名稱和頁次,以便檢查、登記和防止賬頁散失。

三、賬簿的登記

1、現(xiàn)金日記賬的登記

現(xiàn)金日記賬是用來逐筆反映現(xiàn)金的收入、支出和結(jié)余情況的賬簿。出納根據(jù)現(xiàn)金的收款憑證和付款憑證序時(shí)地逐筆登記。根據(jù)現(xiàn)金收款憑證登記收人金額,根據(jù)現(xiàn)金付款憑證登記支出金額,每天結(jié)余出全天的現(xiàn)金收入、支出的發(fā)生額和余額,且要將余額與現(xiàn)金庫存核對(duì)。

日余額的計(jì)算公式為:日余額=上日余額+本日收入發(fā)生額 - 本日支出發(fā)生額

現(xiàn)金日記賬是既登記現(xiàn)金收入,又登記現(xiàn)金支出的現(xiàn)金收付日記賬,也可更細(xì)地分別設(shè)置現(xiàn)金收入日記賬和現(xiàn)金支出日記賬?,F(xiàn)金收付日記賬一般采用的是三欄式,其格式如下圖所示:

2、銀行存款日記賬的登記

銀行存款日記賬是用來逐筆反映企業(yè)在銀行存款的收入、支出及結(jié)余情況的賬簿。銀行存款日記賬按銀行賬戶分別設(shè)置,由出納員根據(jù)銀行收款憑證和付款憑證序時(shí)地逐筆順序登記,每天結(jié)算出各賬戶全天的銀行存款收入、支出的發(fā)生額和余額,且定期與銀行對(duì)賬單對(duì)賬,編制出銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表。

根據(jù)銀行收款憑證登記收入金額,根據(jù)銀行付款憑證登記支出金額,對(duì)于將現(xiàn)金存入銀行和銀行間轉(zhuǎn)存的情況,可根據(jù)現(xiàn)金付款憑證或者銀行付款憑證登記收入金額。銀行存款日記賬格式有多欄式和三欄式兩種,一般多采用三欄式,其格式如下圖所示:

記賬規(guī)則

一、登記賬簿的基本要求

(1)賬簿必須根據(jù)審核無誤的會(huì)計(jì)憑證及時(shí)登記,記賬時(shí)必須嚴(yán)格根據(jù)經(jīng)過審核的會(huì)計(jì)憑證填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱,或者同時(shí)填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱和編號(hào),不得只填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的編號(hào),不填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱。為了防止重記、漏記和便于查閱,登記時(shí)應(yīng)將記賬憑證號(hào)記人賬簿,同時(shí)在記賬憑證上注明“v”記號(hào),表示已經(jīng)登記入賬。

(2)為了使賬簿記錄清晰整潔,防止篡改,記賬時(shí)必須用藍(lán)黑色墨水筆書寫,不能使用鉛筆和圓珠筆書寫。紅墨水只能在結(jié)賬畫線、改錯(cuò)、沖賬等規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)使用。

(3)各類賬簿必須按編好的頁碼順序登記,不得隔頁、跳行。如不慎發(fā)生隔、跳行現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)在空頁或空行處用紅墨水筆畫對(duì)角線或注明“此頁空白”、“作廢”等字樣。不得任意撕毀訂本式賬簿的賬頁。不得隨意抽掉活頁式或卡片式賬簿的賬頁。

(4)訂本賬簿若出現(xiàn)預(yù)留賬頁不夠需跳頁登記時(shí),應(yīng)在末行摘要欄內(nèi)注明“過入第××頁”并在新賬頁第一行摘要欄內(nèi)注明“承××頁”。

(5)每登記滿一頁賬頁,應(yīng)在該賬頁的最后一行加計(jì)本頁發(fā)生額及余額,并在“摘要”欄內(nèi)注明“過次頁”;同時(shí)在下一頁的首行記入上頁加計(jì)的發(fā)生額及余額,并在“摘要”欄內(nèi)注明“承前頁”。

(6)“摘要”欄的文字記述要簡潔清楚扼要,并逐步規(guī)范化,書寫工整,不得亂用簡化字,數(shù)字應(yīng)用阿拉伯字書寫。

(7)不得對(duì)賬簿進(jìn)行亂擦、挖補(bǔ)、涂改或用其他化學(xué)方式更改字跡,以防篡改舞弊。

二、登賬時(shí),發(fā)生隔頁、跳行的處理

各種賬簿按頁順序連續(xù)登記,不得跳行、隔頁。如果發(fā)生跳行、隔頁,應(yīng)當(dāng)將空行、空頁畫線注銷,或者注明“此行空白”、“此頁空白”字樣,并由記賬人員簽名或者蓋章。

三、結(jié)賬時(shí)的畫線規(guī)則

結(jié)賬畫線的目的是為了突出本月合計(jì)數(shù)及月末余額,表示本會(huì)計(jì)期的會(huì)計(jì)記錄已經(jīng)截止或結(jié)束,并將本期與下期的記錄明顯分開。月結(jié)畫單紅線,年結(jié)畫雙紅線,畫線應(yīng)畫通欄線,不應(yīng)只在本賬頁中的金額部分畫線。

四、總分類賬與明細(xì)分類賬平行登記

總分類賬戶是根據(jù)總分類賬科目設(shè)置的,用來對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)要素具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總括分類核算的賬戶。總分類賬戶又稱總賬賬戶,總分類賬戶提供總括核算指標(biāo)。

明細(xì)分類賬戶是根據(jù)明細(xì)分類科目設(shè)置的,用來對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)要素具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行明細(xì)分類核算的賬戶。明細(xì)分類賬戶又稱為明細(xì)賬戶。明細(xì)分類賬戶是企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)部門依據(jù)本單位經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的具體內(nèi)容、管理上的要求及方便會(huì)計(jì)核算等而自行設(shè)置的。

總分類賬戶和明細(xì)分類賬戶,兩者登記的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)內(nèi)容是相同的,只是詳細(xì)層次不一樣。因此,在會(huì)計(jì)核算中,要采取平行登記的方法。所謂平行登記,是指凡涉及明細(xì)分類賬戶的同一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),要根據(jù)會(huì)計(jì)憑證一方面記人相關(guān)總分類賬戶,另一方面又要記入所屬明細(xì)分類賬戶的一種登賬方法。采用平行登記,一方面可以滿足經(jīng)營管理者對(duì)總括資料及詳細(xì)核算資料的需要,另一方面可以檢查賬務(wù)記錄的正確性。平行登記是企業(yè)內(nèi)部牽制制度在會(huì)計(jì)核算上的具體運(yùn)用。

五、賬戶期末余額的填寫

凡需要結(jié)出余額的賬戶,結(jié)出余額后,應(yīng)當(dāng)在“借或貸”欄內(nèi)寫明“借”或“貸”字樣。沒有余額的賬戶應(yīng)在“借或貸”欄內(nèi)寫“平”字,并在余額的欄內(nèi)用“O”表示。

賬戶余額的填寫方法是:每月結(jié)賬時(shí),應(yīng)將月末余額寫在本月最后一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)記錄的同一行內(nèi)。但在現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬和其他需按月結(jié)計(jì)發(fā)生額的賬戶,如各種成本、費(fèi)用、收入的明細(xì)賬簿,每月結(jié)賬時(shí)還應(yīng)將月末余額和本月發(fā)生額寫在同一行內(nèi),在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本月合計(jì)”字樣。這樣做,賬戶記錄中的月初余額加減本期發(fā)生額等于月末余額,便于賬戶記錄的稽核。需要結(jié)計(jì)本年累計(jì)發(fā)生額的明細(xì)賬戶,每月結(jié)賬時(shí),“本月合計(jì)”行已有余額的,“本年累計(jì)”行就不必再寫余額了。

結(jié)賬與對(duì)賬

一、怎樣進(jìn)行結(jié)賬

結(jié)賬時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)出每個(gè)賬戶的期末余額,需要結(jié)出當(dāng)月發(fā)生額的,應(yīng)在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本月合計(jì)”字樣,并在下面通欄畫單紅線。需要結(jié)出本年累計(jì)發(fā)生額的,應(yīng)當(dāng)在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本年累計(jì)”字樣,并在下面通欄畫單紅線;12月末的“本年累計(jì)”就是全年累計(jì)發(fā)生額,全年累計(jì)發(fā)生額下面應(yīng)當(dāng)通欄畫雙紅線。年度終了結(jié)賬時(shí),所有總賬賬戶都結(jié)出全年發(fā)生額和年末余額,需要結(jié)計(jì)本月發(fā)生額的某些賬戶,如果本月只發(fā)生一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),由于此筆記錄的金額就是本月發(fā)生額,結(jié)賬時(shí)只要在這項(xiàng)記錄下畫一紅線,表示與下月的發(fā)生額分開就可以了,不需要另結(jié)出“本月合計(jì)”數(shù)。

二、實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)電算化后怎樣結(jié)賬

每月月底都需要進(jìn)行結(jié)賬處理,計(jì)算機(jī)結(jié)賬不僅要結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)各賬戶的本期發(fā)生額和期末余額,還要進(jìn)行一系列電算化處理,檢查會(huì)計(jì)憑證是否全部登記人賬并審核簽章、試算平衡、輔助賬處理等。與手工相比電算化結(jié)賬工作更加規(guī)范,結(jié)賬全部是由計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)完成。結(jié)賬工作需要注意的事項(xiàng):

(1)由于某月結(jié)完賬后將不能再輸人和修改該月的憑證,所以使用會(huì)計(jì)軟件時(shí),結(jié)賬工作應(yīng)由專人負(fù)責(zé)管理,以防止其他人員的誤操作。

(2)結(jié)賬前應(yīng)檢查該月的所有憑證是否均已記賬、結(jié)賬日期是否正確、其他相關(guān)模塊的數(shù)據(jù)是否傳遞完畢,以及其他結(jié)賬條件是否完備。若結(jié)賬條件不滿足,則退出本模塊,檢查本月份輸入的會(huì)計(jì)憑證是否全部登記入賬,只有在本期輸入的會(huì)計(jì)憑證全部登記入賬后才允許結(jié)本月份的賬。與記賬不同的是,一個(gè)月可以記賬數(shù)次,而只能結(jié)一次賬。

(3)結(jié)賬必須逐月進(jìn)行,上月未結(jié)賬也不允許結(jié)本月的賬。若結(jié)賬成功,則做月結(jié)標(biāo)志,之后不能再輸人該月的憑證和記該月的賬;若結(jié)賬不成功,則恢復(fù)到結(jié)賬前的狀態(tài),同時(shí)給出提示信息,要求用戶做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。

(4)年底結(jié)賬,則系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生下年度的空白數(shù)據(jù)文件(即數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)文件。包括憑證臨時(shí)文件、憑證庫文件、科目余額發(fā)生額文件),并轉(zhuǎn)年度余額。同時(shí)自動(dòng)對(duì)“固定資產(chǎn)”等會(huì)計(jì)文件做跨年度連續(xù)使用的處理。

四、對(duì)賬的主要內(nèi)容

對(duì)賬是為了保證賬簿記賬和會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的數(shù)字真實(shí)可靠,每月將各賬簿的賬戶記錄進(jìn)行核對(duì),以保證賬賬相符、賬證相符、賬表相符。我們通常所稱的對(duì)賬包括賬證核對(duì)、賬賬核對(duì)和賬實(shí)核對(duì)。

五、實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)電算化后怎樣進(jìn)行對(duì)賬

計(jì)算機(jī)銀行對(duì)賬與手工核對(duì)銀行賬的原理和方法基本相同,但對(duì)賬、核銷已達(dá)賬面以及編制銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表等工作基本交由計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)完成。計(jì)算機(jī)核對(duì)銀行賬,首先將銀行發(fā)來的對(duì)賬單輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中的銀行對(duì)賬單庫中,然后由用戶確定對(duì)賬的銀行存款科目及對(duì)賬方式,再令計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)將系統(tǒng)中存儲(chǔ)的銀行日記賬中的記錄按對(duì)賬的條件進(jìn)行篩選,并將篩選的記錄送人銀行日記賬未達(dá)賬庫中,最后在銀行對(duì)賬單庫與日記賬未達(dá)賬庫之間進(jìn)行記錄的自動(dòng)核對(duì)和核銷,并自動(dòng)生成銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表。

錯(cuò)賬及其查找

出納員在每日或每月結(jié)賬時(shí),特別是在每日結(jié)賬時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)日記賬的期末余額與期初余額加本期收入總數(shù)減本期支出總數(shù)的合計(jì)數(shù)不符,或者日記賬期末余額與總賬期末余額不符合的情況。一旦發(fā)生這種情況,出納員應(yīng)采用正確的方法迅速查明原因,按規(guī)定方法予以更正。

一、錯(cuò)賬原因

導(dǎo)致出納錯(cuò)賬的原因是多種多樣的,概括起來主要包括如下幾種:

(1)記賬方向錯(cuò)誤。在記賬時(shí),在賬簿中借方與貸方的記載顛倒,把借方記成貸方或把貸方記成借方。如果把應(yīng)記的紅字的數(shù)字誤記為藍(lán)字;或把應(yīng)記的藍(lán)字?jǐn)?shù)字誤記為紅字,這也屬于記賬方向錯(cuò)誤。

(2)漏記。在記賬時(shí)將某一憑證的金額的數(shù)字遺漏未記入賬簿。

(3)重記。將已經(jīng)登記入賬的金額數(shù)字,又重復(fù)記入賬簿。

(4)記錯(cuò)科目。在記賬時(shí)“張冠李戴”,如將現(xiàn)金記入銀行存款科目。

(5)數(shù)字位數(shù)移位。在記賬時(shí)將數(shù)字位數(shù)移動(dòng),即以大寫?。ㄉ賹?個(gè)或幾個(gè)0)或以小寫大(多寫1個(gè)或幾個(gè)0)。例如將100寫成10,或?qū)?0寫成100等。

(6)數(shù)字位數(shù)顛倒。在記賬時(shí),將某一數(shù)字中相鄰的兩位顛倒登記入賬。如將12寫成21,123寫成132等。

(7)結(jié)賬時(shí)計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤。結(jié)賬時(shí)數(shù)字打錯(cuò),余額記錯(cuò),從而導(dǎo)致不符。

(8)其他不規(guī)則錯(cuò)誤。

二、錯(cuò)帳查找技巧

1、順查法

即按照原來賬務(wù)處理的順序從頭到尾進(jìn)行普遍查找的方法。主要用于期末對(duì)賬簿進(jìn)行的全面核對(duì)和不規(guī)則的錯(cuò)誤查找。對(duì)于查過的賬目要在數(shù)字旁邊打“√”或其他記號(hào),以免重復(fù)查找。

2、逆查法

即與原來賬務(wù)處理的順序相反,從尾到頭地普遍檢查的方法。如果出納員認(rèn)為錯(cuò)誤可能出在當(dāng)天最后幾筆業(yè)務(wù)或者當(dāng)月最后幾天的業(yè)務(wù)上,那么,按照這樣倒過來的順序查找,有時(shí)可以事半功倍。

3、抽查法

是指抽取賬簿記錄當(dāng)中的某些部分進(jìn)行局部檢查的方法。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)賬簿記錄有差錯(cuò),出納員可根據(jù)差錯(cuò)的具體情況從賬簿中抽查部分內(nèi)容,而不必核對(duì)全部內(nèi)容。例如,差錯(cuò)數(shù)字只在角位、分位,或者只是整數(shù)百位、千位,就可以縮小查找范圍,專門查看角位、分位或者百位、千位的數(shù)字,其他的數(shù)字不必一一檢查。

除此之外,在出納錯(cuò)賬的查找中,經(jīng)常使用偶合法。所謂偶合法,即根據(jù)賬簿記錄差錯(cuò)中最常見的規(guī)律,根據(jù)差錯(cuò)的情況來推測(cè)差錯(cuò)原因進(jìn)而查找差錯(cuò)的一種查找方法。主要用來查找?guī)в幸?guī)律性原因造成的差錯(cuò)。

如出納員推測(cè)可能是漏記、重記的差錯(cuò),可用“差數(shù)法”,即根據(jù)核對(duì)不相符的差額進(jìn)行查找。如日記賬余額比總賬余額少300元,出納員推斷可能是漏計(jì)了一筆300元的憑證,則可以查找金額為300元的憑證。如多300元,出納員推測(cè)屬于重記,則同樣可查找是否將金額為300元的憑證重復(fù)登記。

出納報(bào)告

一、出納報(bào)告的基本格式

出納人員記賬后,應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬、銀行對(duì)賬單等核算資料,定期編制“出納報(bào)告單”和“銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表”,報(bào)告本單位一定時(shí)期現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、有價(jià)證券的收、支、存情況,并與總賬會(huì)計(jì)核對(duì)期末余額。“出納報(bào)告單”和“銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表”的格式如下圖所示:

二、出納報(bào)告的填制

1、納報(bào)告單的報(bào)告期可與本單位總賬會(huì)計(jì)匯總記賬的周期相一致,如果本單位總賬10天匯總一次,則出納報(bào)告單10天編制一次。

2、上期結(jié)存數(shù)是指報(bào)告期前一期期末結(jié)存數(shù),即本期報(bào)告期前一天的賬面結(jié)存金額,也是上一期出納報(bào)告單的“本期結(jié)存”數(shù)字。

3、本期收入按賬面本期合計(jì)借方數(shù)字填列。

4、合計(jì)是上期結(jié)存與本期收入的合計(jì)數(shù)字。

5、本期支出按賬面本期合計(jì)貸方數(shù)字填列。

6、本期結(jié)存是指本期期末賬面結(jié)存數(shù)字。它等于“合計(jì)數(shù)字”減去“本期支出”數(shù)字。本期結(jié)存必須與賬面實(shí)際結(jié)存數(shù)一致。

現(xiàn)金收支業(yè)務(wù)

現(xiàn)金的保管

現(xiàn)金的保管,主要是指對(duì)每日收取的現(xiàn)金和庫存現(xiàn)金的保管。庫存現(xiàn)金的保管主要注意以下幾個(gè)方面:

1、要有專人保管庫存現(xiàn)金

庫存現(xiàn)金保管的責(zé)任人是出納人員以及其他所屬單位的兼職出納人員。出納人員應(yīng)選擇誠實(shí)可靠、工作責(zé)任心強(qiáng)、業(yè)務(wù)熟練人員擔(dān)任。

2、送取現(xiàn)金要有安全措施

對(duì)向銀行送存現(xiàn)金或提取現(xiàn)金時(shí),一般應(yīng)有兩人以上,數(shù)額較大,途中最好用專箱裝放,專車運(yùn)送,必要時(shí)進(jìn)行武裝押運(yùn)。

3、庫存現(xiàn)金存放要有安全措施

重點(diǎn)是出納辦公室和保險(xiǎn)柜等,出納辦公室選擇堅(jiān)固實(shí)用的房間,能防潮、防火、防盜、通風(fēng),墻壁、房頂要牢固,門、窗要有鐵欄桿或金屬板(網(wǎng)),根據(jù)需要可安裝自動(dòng)報(bào)警、監(jiān)控等裝置。出納人員要配備專用保險(xiǎn)柜,保險(xiǎn)柜應(yīng)靠出納辦公室的內(nèi)墻存放,保險(xiǎn)柜鑰匙由出納人員專人保管,不得交由其他人員代管;保險(xiǎn)柜密碼應(yīng)由出納人員開啟,并做好開啟記錄,嚴(yán)格保密;出納員工作變動(dòng)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)更換密碼。保險(xiǎn)柜的鑰匙或密碼丟失或發(fā)生故障,要立即報(bào)請(qǐng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)處理,不得隨意找人修理或配鑰匙。必須更換保險(xiǎn)柜時(shí),要辦理以舊換新的批準(zhǔn)手續(xù),注明更換情況備查。

4、現(xiàn)金清查

為了確保賬實(shí)相符,應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)金進(jìn)行清查?,F(xiàn)金清查包括兩部分內(nèi)容:其一是出納人員每日營業(yè)終了進(jìn)行賬款核對(duì);其二是清查小組進(jìn)行定期或不定期的盤點(diǎn)和核對(duì)?,F(xiàn)金清查一般采用實(shí)地盤點(diǎn)法。

現(xiàn)金的送存

各單位必須按開戶銀行核定的庫存限額保管、使用現(xiàn)金,收取的現(xiàn)金和超出庫存限額的現(xiàn)金,應(yīng)及時(shí)送存銀行。

現(xiàn)金送存的一般程序是:首先由出納人員清點(diǎn)票幣,將同面額的紙幣擺放在一起,按每100張為1把整理好,不夠整把的,從大額到小額順放。將同額硬幣放在一起,壹元、伍角、壹角硬幣,按每50枚用紙卷成1卷,分幣按100枚用紙卷成1卷,不足1卷的一般不送存銀行,留作找零用。款項(xiàng)清點(diǎn)整齊核對(duì)無誤后,由出納人員填寫現(xiàn)金解款單存入銀行。

現(xiàn)金解款單為一式三聯(lián)或一式二聯(lián),這里以中國工商銀行上海市(分行)現(xiàn)金解款單(三聯(lián)單)為例,第一聯(lián)為回單,此聯(lián)由銀行蓋章后退回存款單位;第二聯(lián)為收入憑證,此聯(lián)由收款人開戶銀行作憑證;第三聯(lián)為附聯(lián),作附件,是銀行出納留底聯(lián)。出納人員在填寫現(xiàn)金解款單時(shí),要用雙面復(fù)寫紙復(fù)寫。交款日期必須填寫交款的當(dāng)日,收款人名稱應(yīng)填寫全稱。款項(xiàng)來源要如實(shí)填寫,大小寫金額的書寫要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),券別和數(shù)額欄按實(shí)際送款時(shí)各種券面的張數(shù)或券枚填寫。然后將款項(xiàng)同解款單一并交銀行收款柜收款。銀行核對(duì)后蓋章,并將第一聯(lián)(回單)交存款單位作記賬憑證。

現(xiàn)金收支手續(xù)

為了加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)金收支管理,出納與會(huì)計(jì)人員必須分清責(zé)任,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行賬、錢、物分管的原則,實(shí)行相互制約。

(1)企業(yè)應(yīng)按規(guī)定編制現(xiàn)金收付計(jì)劃,并按計(jì)劃組織現(xiàn)金收支活動(dòng)。收入現(xiàn)金要進(jìn)行防偽檢查,支付現(xiàn)金要當(dāng)面點(diǎn)清。

(2)企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)部門,出納工作和會(huì)計(jì)工作必須合理分工,現(xiàn)金的收付保管應(yīng)由出納人員負(fù)責(zé)辦理,非出納人員不得經(jīng)管現(xiàn)金。

(3)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行現(xiàn)金清查盤點(diǎn)制度,保證現(xiàn)金安全完整。出納人員每天盤點(diǎn)現(xiàn)金實(shí)有數(shù),與現(xiàn)金日記賬的賬面余額核對(duì),保證賬實(shí)相符。企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)部門必須定期或不定期地進(jìn)行清查盤點(diǎn),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)或防止差錯(cuò)以及挪用、貪污、盜竊等不法行為的發(fā)生。如果出現(xiàn)長短款,必須及時(shí)查找原因。

(4)一切現(xiàn)金收入都應(yīng)開具收款收據(jù),即使有些現(xiàn)金收入已有對(duì)方付款憑證,也應(yīng)開出收據(jù)交付款人,以明確經(jīng)濟(jì)職責(zé);收入現(xiàn)金簽發(fā)收據(jù)與經(jīng)手收款,按要求也應(yīng)當(dāng)分開,由兩個(gè)經(jīng)辦人分工辦理,如銷貨收入應(yīng)由經(jīng)銷人員負(fù)責(zé)填制發(fā)票單據(jù),出納人員據(jù)以收款,以防差錯(cuò)與作弊。

(5)一切現(xiàn)金收入必須當(dāng)天入賬,當(dāng)天送存銀行,如收進(jìn)的現(xiàn)金是銀行當(dāng)天停止收款以后發(fā)生的,也應(yīng)在第二天送存銀行。當(dāng)日送存確有困難的,應(yīng)取得開戶銀行同意后,按雙方協(xié)商的時(shí)間送存。

(6)不準(zhǔn)利用銀行存款賬戶代其他單位或個(gè)人存入、支取或匯兌現(xiàn)金。

(7)一切現(xiàn)金支出都要有原始憑證,由經(jīng)辦人簽名,經(jīng)主管和有關(guān)人員審核后,出納人員才能據(jù)以付款,在付款后,應(yīng)加蓋“現(xiàn)金付訖”戳記,妥善保管。

現(xiàn)金的整理

各單位出納員在將現(xiàn)金送存銀行之前,應(yīng)對(duì)送存現(xiàn)金進(jìn)行分類整理,其整理的方法為:

紙幣應(yīng)按照票面額(即券別)分別整理。紙幣可分為主幣和輔幣,主幣包括壹佰元、伍拾元、拾元、伍元、貳元和壹元,輔幣包括伍角、貳角、壹角。出納員應(yīng)將各種紙幣打開鋪平,然后按幣別每100張為Ⅰ把,用紙條和橡皮筋箍好,每10把扎成1捆,比如100元券的紙幣Ⅰ把即為10000元,1捆即為100000元;10元券1把即為1000元,1捆即為10000元。不滿100張的,十九平一折或九平一折,從大到小平攤攤放。

鑄幣包括壹元、伍角、貳角、壹角、伍分、貳分、壹分。鑄幣也應(yīng)按幣別整理,同一幣別每100枚為1卷,用紙包緊卷好,每10卷為1捆。例如伍角的鑄幣每1卷即為50元,每1捆即為500元。不滿50枚的硬幣,用紙包好另行放開。

殘缺破損的紙幣和已經(jīng)穿孔、裂口、破缺、壓薄、變形以及正面的國徽,背面的數(shù)字模糊不清的幣,應(yīng)單獨(dú)剔出,另行包裝,整理方法與前同。

現(xiàn)金送款簿

現(xiàn)金整理完后,出納員應(yīng)根據(jù)整理后的金額填寫現(xiàn)金送款簿。現(xiàn)金送款簿一般一式四聯(lián),第一聯(lián)為回單,由銀行簽章后作為送款單位的記賬依據(jù),第二聯(lián)為銀行收入傳票,第三聯(lián)為收賬通知,第四聯(lián)由銀行出納留存作為底聯(lián)備查。出納員在填寫現(xiàn)金收款簿時(shí),要按格式規(guī)定如實(shí)填寫有關(guān)內(nèi)容,包括收款單位名稱、款項(xiàng)來源、開戶銀行、送款日期、開戶賬號(hào)、送款金額的大、小寫及各券別的數(shù)量等。

出納員在填寫“現(xiàn)金送款簿”時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):

(1)出納員必須如實(shí)填寫現(xiàn)金送款簿的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,特別是其中的款項(xiàng)來源等。

(2)交款日期應(yīng)當(dāng)填寫送存銀行當(dāng)日的日期。

(3)券別的明細(xì)賬的張數(shù)和金額必須和各券別的實(shí)際數(shù)一致,壹元、伍角、壹角、伍分、貳分、壹分等既有紙幣又有鑄幣的,應(yīng)填寫紙幣、鑄幣合計(jì)的數(shù)量和金額。

希望以上講解能對(duì)您認(rèn)識(shí)出納工作有所助益!

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納是一項(xiàng)專業(yè)性很強(qiáng)的工作。出納人員必須了解和掌握出納工作的特點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、職能等基本知識(shí),這是做好出納工作的前提條件。同時(shí),出納的工作崗位要求出納人員必須具備特有的工作技巧。下面為大家進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQG0EiwyYuSk8MrxcNtVFAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納崗位認(rèn)知","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIKmC4ce6eWUKq9spzlbwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納崗位","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncEsgMISG4wyeqfDvJmdS5x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納,作為會(huì)計(jì)名詞,運(yùn)用在不同場合有著不同的含義。通常,出納一詞有出納工作和出納人員兩種含義。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2gauMi0uS6swyozp6TQxyd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"出納崗位","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/77620b2edf834b8bb78375e134cc2c53","width":1195},"text":"","id":"doxcnuOOSGYmQSK8mkxra6MKIJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、出納工作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6sIyUueSmWQc8zJF8UUGae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"顧名思義,“出”即支出,“納”即收入。出納工作是管理貨幣資金、票據(jù)、有價(jià)證券進(jìn)出的一項(xiàng)工作。具體地講,出納是按照有關(guān)規(guī)定和制度,辦理本單位的現(xiàn)金收付、銀行結(jié)算及有關(guān)賬務(wù)、保管庫存現(xiàn)金、有價(jià)證券、財(cái)務(wù)印章及有關(guān)票據(jù)等工作的總稱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneaC8OEOwSSa8OyiTXBqlGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、出納人員","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4KccauUSIcMs12MmPlRZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納人員,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"從廣義上來說","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",既包括各單位會(huì)計(jì)部門設(shè)置的出納人員,也包括各業(yè)務(wù)部門的各類收款員、工資發(fā)放員(專職或兼職)等。無論是專職的還是兼職的收款員、工資發(fā)放員,他們大都直接與現(xiàn)金、銀行結(jié)算票據(jù)打交道,也要填制和審核一些原始憑證,他們必須保證自己經(jīng)手的貨幣資金、票據(jù)的安全與完整,他們所從事的收款業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)際上是單位出納人員的工作延伸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYICwEEycq0Qw6Ngf79lzJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"從狹義上來說","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",出納人員僅指單位會(huì)計(jì)部門從事資金收付和核算工資的出納人員。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqaGoQa60ico20yzCtcwt6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"崗位任職要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYQKek6yKIE6oHrE45MBee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好出納工作并不是一件很容易的事,它要求出納員要有全面精通的政策水平,熟練高超的業(yè)務(wù)技能,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致的工作作風(fēng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaycCao2GEGsOczncYSjSzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、政策水平","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkC86oCMCYyewwfKwyW7wpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納工作涉及的“規(guī)矩”很多,如,《會(huì)計(jì)法》及各種會(huì)計(jì)制度,現(xiàn)金管理制度及銀行結(jié)算制度,《會(huì)計(jì)人員職權(quán)條例》及《會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)工作規(guī)范》,成本管理?xiàng)l例及費(fèi)用報(bào)銷制度,稅收管理制度及發(fā)票管理辦法,還有本單位自己的財(cái)務(wù)管理規(guī)定等。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"做好出納工作的第一件大事就是學(xué)習(xí)、了解、掌握財(cái)經(jīng)法規(guī)和制度,提高政策水平","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4eeEQYAiwsIARLdxatEne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、業(yè)務(wù)技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcsk2uoI4iOSs4JDtL9H5E"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提高出納業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)水平關(guān)鍵在手上,打算盤、用電腦、開票據(jù)、點(diǎn)票幣都離不開手。而要提高手的功夫,關(guān)鍵在勤,勤能生巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkouQcK2ouSicrSb2Vfadd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、工作作風(fēng)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne0IO6auSmAUKsNPfXAwKUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作出納員每天和金錢打交道,稍有不慎就會(huì)造成意想不到的損失,出納員必須養(yǎng)成與出納職業(yè)相符合的工作作風(fēng),概括起來就是:精力集中,有條不紊,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致,沉著冷靜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc4iGcUeuEoqSCOlqe5lKyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"精力集中就是工作起來就要全身心地投入,不為外界所干擾;有條不紊就是計(jì)算器具擺放整齊,賬款票據(jù)存放有序,辦公環(huán)境潔而不亂;嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致就是收支計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確無誤,手續(xù)完備,不發(fā)生工作差錯(cuò);沉著冷靜就是在復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,化險(xiǎn)為夷。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUIkGgM226MI0hg0K9Qk2zg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、安全意識(shí)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwWiUiggEK0Kiukg9pxbPLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金、有價(jià)證券、票據(jù)、各種印鑒,既要有內(nèi)部的保管分工,各負(fù)其責(zé),并相互牽制;也要有對(duì)外的保安措施,從辦公用房的建造,門、屜、柜的鎖具配置,到保險(xiǎn)柜密碼的管理,都要符合保安的要求。出納人員既要密切配合保安部門的工作,更要增強(qiáng)自身的保安意識(shí)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsyWKYwsYGSmoSEODWYAe5I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、道德修養(yǎng)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OOacy0EcEyc06Sqd2FvVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納人員必須具備良好的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng),要熱愛本職工作,敬業(yè)、精業(yè);要科學(xué)理財(cái),充分發(fā)揮資金的使用效益;要遵紀(jì)守法,嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督,并且以身作則;要潔身自好,不貪、不占公家便宜;要實(shí)事求是,真實(shí)客觀地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的本來面目;要注意保守機(jī)密;要竭力為本單位的中心工作、為單位的總體利益、為全體員工服務(wù),牢固樹立為人民服務(wù)的思想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4W4uEICcwCy6KTlZmVO3QE"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"職責(zé)及方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncgk4sGSseyk0tMfQcR3Bl3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、出納崗位職責(zé)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQug4S4uoQuUseOV0AWj1kh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、辦理現(xiàn)金收付和結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG2cEcAciCKm8ojRHkr8Tjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納員應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守現(xiàn)金開支范圍,非現(xiàn)金結(jié)算范圍不得用現(xiàn)金收付;遵守庫存現(xiàn)金限額,超限額的現(xiàn)金按規(guī)定及時(shí)送存銀行;現(xiàn)金管理要做到日清月結(jié),賬面余額與庫存現(xiàn)金每日下班前應(yīng)核對(duì),發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,及時(shí)查糾;銀行存款日記賬與銀行對(duì)賬單也要定期核對(duì),如有不符,應(yīng)及時(shí)與銀行核查原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCqa2kMgEe882Z0IVDNjtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、登記現(xiàn)金日記賬和銀行存款日記賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2m2aAyygC0KGGKqIWltLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根據(jù)收、付款憑證,逐日逐筆登記現(xiàn)金日記賬和銀行存款日記帳,日清月結(jié),做到賬實(shí)相符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyK8gSOkcQgMk0s0aiK9Cmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、保管庫存現(xiàn)金和各種有價(jià)證券","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWugig0mA2CGiMXugYgGUEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要建立適合本單位情況的現(xiàn)金和有價(jià)證券保管責(zé)任制,如發(fā)生現(xiàn)金短缺,屬于出納員責(zé)任的要進(jìn)行賠償。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWU6ooCiU6MmGQxnSsD8kxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、保管有關(guān)印章、空白收據(jù)和空白支票","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOMCUCKOw2GsBFX5rU1OBW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"印章、空白票據(jù)的安全保管十分重要,在實(shí)際工作中,因丟失印章和空白票據(jù)給單位帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的不乏其例。對(duì)此,出納員必須高度重視,建立嚴(yán)格的管理辦法。通常,單位財(cái)務(wù)公章和出納員名章要實(shí)行分管,交由出納員保管的出納印章要嚴(yán)格按規(guī)定用途使用,各種票據(jù)要辦理領(lǐng)用和注銷手續(xù)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaiyQM2sgyyaEcPuGbJG4ve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、出納的方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny6CqMKWsm4sS0ONFXYGUDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納的方法是用來反映和監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)對(duì)象、完成出納任務(wù)的手段。出納方法主要包括以下幾點(diǎn):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKCkScK46AaqMaC2YE6hU1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、設(shè)置賬戶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYw40AkeK8UkWApV1DW2wmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納對(duì)象的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)雜多樣的,要對(duì)出納對(duì)象所包含的經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的反映和監(jiān)督,就要對(duì)它們進(jìn)行科學(xué)的分類,以便取得各種不同性質(zhì)的核算指標(biāo)。因此,對(duì)各項(xiàng)貨幣資金和有價(jià)證券的增加和減少,都要按規(guī)定設(shè)置賬戶,進(jìn)行歸類記賬,以便取得經(jīng)營管理所需要的各種不同性質(zhì)的核算指標(biāo)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEOyyQKkSuqUuy1xf7OS0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納常設(shè)的賬戶有:“現(xiàn)金日記賬——人民幣戶”、“現(xiàn)金日記賬——××外幣戶”、“銀行存款日記賬——結(jié)算戶存款”、“銀行存款日記賬——××專用戶存款”、“長期投資——股票投資(××股票)”、“長期投資——債券投資(××債券)”、“短期投資——股票投資(××股票)”、“短期投資——債券投資(××債券)”等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawWAGmuAKwEAk5kwCvfgkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、復(fù)式記賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iCmKq2sawGCiewtVDv1Of"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"復(fù)式記賬是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的一種方法。這種方法的特點(diǎn)是:對(duì)每一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)都要以相等的金額,同時(shí)記入兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的有關(guān)賬戶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCWck6OYKc0MeK0nSpqdEth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用復(fù)式記賬法,既可以通過賬戶的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系了解有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的全貌,又可以通過賬戶的平衡關(guān)系檢查有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的記錄是否正確。因此,此法是一種比較完善、科學(xué)的記賬方法,為世界各國所普遍采用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2C0OUqwYECOqAJ182Jc1ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、填制和審核憑證","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUgQISaC8geGptgSPMbDDN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納憑證是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)、明確經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的書面證明,是登記賬簿的依據(jù)。對(duì)于已經(jīng)發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),都要由經(jīng)辦人員或有關(guān)單位填制憑證,并簽名蓋章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsYqW8cacoac687adT8joAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":497,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"職責(zé)及方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/79f86dfcdd644a0b96b3b9690f8fd5a6","width":742},"text":"","id":"doxcnmyYu2YgEG0SgkXgQ1pV1Ue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納憑證的審核,主要是對(duì)各種原始憑證的審核和記賬憑證的審核,只有通過審核無誤的憑證,才可以作為出納記賬的依據(jù)。填制和審核出納憑證是實(shí)行出納監(jiān)督的一個(gè)非常重要的方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4YsGkmCwkQgKmcnBn97tOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、登記賬簿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGEKok0GEuckSMZC9l7wWMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿是用來全面、連續(xù)、系統(tǒng)、綜合地記錄各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的簿籍,也是保存會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)資料的重要工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKuUEuISO0iy2UNSIIFqaeh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"登記賬簿就是把所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)按其發(fā)生的順序,分門別類地記入有關(guān)賬簿,以便為經(jīng)營管理提供完整的、系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)資料,登記賬簿必須以經(jīng)過審核的憑證為依據(jù);同時(shí)按照規(guī)定,把所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)分別記入有關(guān)賬戶;并定期進(jìn)行結(jié)賬,計(jì)算和累計(jì)各項(xiàng)核算指標(biāo);還要定期核對(duì)賬目,使賬實(shí)保持一致。出納賬簿提供的各種數(shù)據(jù)資料,是編制出納報(bào)表的主要依據(jù)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWcO2wmigkeok12bd6fEDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、財(cái)產(chǎn)清查","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4co2CWIIS0EoEFirTZJvhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"財(cái)產(chǎn)清查就是盤點(diǎn)實(shí)物、核對(duì)賬目,查明各項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)物資和資金的實(shí)有數(shù)額及占用情況。在實(shí)際工作中,由于種種原因,賬面資料有時(shí)同實(shí)際情況不相一致,為了做到賬實(shí)相符,挖掘財(cái)產(chǎn)、物資的潛力,加強(qiáng)對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)、物資的管理,就必須進(jìn)行財(cái)產(chǎn)清查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO4ewmYUIQ26OYnaekKhHad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在清查中,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)某些財(cái)產(chǎn)物資和資金的實(shí)有數(shù)額同賬面結(jié)存數(shù)額不一致,則應(yīng)查明賬實(shí)不符的原因,作出相應(yīng)的處理,并調(diào)整賬簿記錄,使賬存數(shù)額同實(shí)存數(shù)額保持一致。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnukYUqWyoGuGw4ASjaotFDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、編制出納報(bào)告","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMyAiU4m4OYQw97t7tNtIFW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納報(bào)告是指根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬、銀行對(duì)賬單等核算資料,定期編制的書面文件,報(bào)告本單位一定時(shí)期(月、年)現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、有價(jià)證券的收、支、存情況,并與總賬會(huì)計(jì)核對(duì)期末余額。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK028gAmk82eeQFRNAGwg5d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":362,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"職責(zé)及方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/49f3893673c14ea8b4f027c07cdf052a","width":894},"text":"","id":"doxcn2yE6OmyYS4igREFNRUOTl3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上述各種出納核算方法是相互聯(lián)系、密切配合的,構(gòu)成了一個(gè)完整的體系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnicYWaUAckQigY750KBTR9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、出納賬務(wù)處理程序","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqWYIGiaMQUomUEmwSTRte"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納賬務(wù)處理的基本程序是:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwuy0OSWCsOYiMVwLtxc2je"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)根據(jù)原始憑證或匯總原始憑證填制收款憑證、付款憑證;對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)賬投資有價(jià)證券業(yè)務(wù),還要根據(jù)原始憑證或匯總原始憑證直接登記有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬(債券投資明細(xì)分類賬、股票投資明細(xì)分類賬等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoa88qay8iWciMDkeGG1ge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)根據(jù)收款憑證、付款憑證逐筆登記現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq6Iq8YK484I4qaUjSlX7Dd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)現(xiàn)金日記賬的余額與庫存現(xiàn)金每天進(jìn)行核對(duì),與現(xiàn)金總分類賬定期進(jìn)行核對(duì);銀行存款日記賬與開戶銀行出具的銀行對(duì)賬單逐筆進(jìn)行核對(duì),至少每月一次,銀行存款日記賬的余額與銀行存款總分類賬定期進(jìn)行核對(duì);有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬與庫存有價(jià)證券要定期進(jìn)行核對(duì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmogCIcqieckWKwWtAx7uhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)分類賬、開戶銀行出具的銀行對(duì)賬單等,定期或不定期編制出納報(bào)告,提供出納核算信息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyiymqYWMWwmiWiMxgPjsLf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"與會(huì)計(jì)的關(guān)系","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6ua4gOycoocQnkJeyiRRiw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"出納工作和會(huì)計(jì)是密不可分的。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"對(duì)于初次接觸出納的人來說,首先必須接受一點(diǎn)會(huì)計(jì)的基本理論,這樣對(duì)今后的出納工作不無裨益。會(huì)計(jì)與出納之間是分工協(xié)作的關(guān)系,主要表現(xiàn)為:作為記賬憑證的會(huì)計(jì)憑證必須在出納、明細(xì)賬會(huì)計(jì)、總賬會(huì)計(jì)之間按照一定的順序傳遞。他們相互利用對(duì)方的核算資料,共同完成會(huì)計(jì)核算任務(wù),缺一不可。同時(shí),他們之間又互相牽制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEKIGSGA0kwwINT4aNjJVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納的現(xiàn)金和銀行存款日記賬與總賬會(huì)計(jì)的現(xiàn)金和銀行存款總分類賬,總分類賬與其所屬的明細(xì)分類賬,明細(xì)分類賬中的有價(jià)證券賬與出納賬中相應(yīng)的有價(jià)證券賬,均為金額上的等量關(guān)系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAauc2m4cMgeUsdtQpommof"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納崗位技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngMCMS2o6qkO6O12Ll3Ivpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字書寫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW0M4cI8a6MesWIfRMzFgCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、中文數(shù)字書寫技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnemUKmKIGKWwIAgp3QcuUHP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)中文數(shù)字主要是用于簽發(fā)支票、匯票、發(fā)票等各種憑證的書寫。其具體的書寫規(guī)則如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsmcMKmqO042WFBikgaU8vo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、中文數(shù)字內(nèi)容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn08gsycuWqIS4JVQGKUwmvn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中文數(shù)字大寫包括:零、壹、貳、叁、肆、伍、陸、柒、捌、玖、拾、佰、千、萬、億、元、角、分、整。上列數(shù)字書寫應(yīng)用正楷體或行書書寫,書寫過程不能夠用一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、另等字代替,也不得擅自編造數(shù)字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQ6i8IiWqaOqE5NOiAEHVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、貨幣名稱的寫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2iu0OsgwemSOqAuoLtYPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫金額前若沒有印制“人民幣”字樣的,書寫時(shí),在大寫金額前要冠以“人民幣”字樣?!叭嗣駧拧迸c金額首位數(shù)字之間不得留有空格,數(shù)字之間更不能留存空格,寫數(shù)字與讀數(shù)字順序要一致。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIEe8mSY2cUmssTIC5WmE9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、“整”字的寫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngCAKYCAK2ikMeOpkdZu6Ig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人民幣以元為單位時(shí),只要人民幣元后分位沒有金額(即無角無分時(shí)或有角無分時(shí)),應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾;如果分位有金額,在“分”后不必寫“整”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyAqMYeGwkwo0sZVhXPE8Xf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥58.69","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngosoqGUSyWWEY569D3Yl4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元陸角玖分(因其分位有金額,在“分”后不必寫“整”字。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8uMEu2yoA86W6vIuOhb4oe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥58.00","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCK6cygQgsuOQb45bKEKCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元整(因其角位和分位沒有金額,應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkq6iMCQ04AYu6II4T2NRug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥58.60","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkOS62UGC6oUcdPpvWdpdc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣伍拾捌元陸角整(因其分位沒有金額,應(yīng)在大寫金額后加上“整”字結(jié)尾。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEmiUwoAuKo2MLt98gg3Ff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、“零”字的用法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuqeCGi280eIoZy3M0bcNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小寫金額數(shù)字中有“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額要寫“零”字。如果金額數(shù)字中間有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上“0”字時(shí),中文大寫金額可只寫一個(gè)“零”字。如果小寫金額數(shù)字萬位是“0”或元位是“0”,或者金額數(shù)字中間連續(xù)有幾個(gè)“0”,萬位、元位也是“0”,但千位、角位不是“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額可以只寫一個(gè)“零”字,也可以不寫“零”字。如果小寫金額數(shù)字角位是“0”,分位不是“0”時(shí),中文大寫金額元后面應(yīng)寫“零”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKqOUCeuO4MUi4KZA8jONf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥508.69","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2msqucEi4oEc8XH6vM8QDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣伍佰零捌元陸角玖分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0CieyKA8iWkUUxiLwFtCre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥5008.00","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0oiMu2UEWaIEqQ9qiiXbRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣伍仟零捌元整","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkUOSuyoY8sIE5dhZA8Uqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥800.10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0sC6ouoAuSCEQZ1zSpIuRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣捌佰元零壹角整","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWWws4awYgq8AMBZYqWRKpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"表示數(shù)字為拾幾、拾幾萬時(shí),大寫文字前必須有數(shù)字“壹”字,因?yàn)椤笆啊弊执砦粩?shù),而不是數(shù)字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SOuUS0o2GSSOwvCYI8MWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqiSE8ymC8sYAUjoPa9QIyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣壹拾元整","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoWCqKiKcUua8wJINWoJqDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:¥178540.63","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6CW2G4mMyqaIlt1fKhW4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大寫:人民幣壹拾柒萬捌仟伍佰肆拾元陸角叁分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcsQ8icAoKkQeuXfuAvCYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOksIaCYyAaUMIlIq2mPeMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字在進(jìn)行填寫單據(jù)、填寫憑證、編制報(bào)表及整個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)核算過程的記錄和計(jì)算中被廣泛應(yīng)用,正確、規(guī)范和流利書寫阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,是我國會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)掌握的基本功。從字體上講,既不能把這些數(shù)字寫成刻版劃一的印刷體,也不能把它們寫成難以辨認(rèn)的草字體,更不能為追求書寫形式把它們寫成美術(shù)體。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneqyQs8k6iIIGC6QEbdy5Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"從數(shù)字本身所占的位置看既不能把數(shù)字寫滿格,占滿行,又不能把字寫得太小,密密麻麻,讓人不易辨清楚,更不能超越賬頁上既定的數(shù)格。從字型上看,既不能讓數(shù)字垂直上下,也不能歪斜過度,更不能左傾右斜,毫無整潔感覺。在財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)中,尤其是會(huì)計(jì)記賬過程中書寫的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,同數(shù)學(xué)中或漢文字學(xué)中的書寫方法并不一致,也不盡相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8SucwiaiE0aoXrO1s8qMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"書寫中要做到各數(shù)字自成體型,大小勻稱,筆順清晰,合乎手寫體習(xí)慣,流暢、自然、不刻板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM84aEGQ0GQIEuGdePxuF5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、書寫要字跡工整,排列整齊有序且有一定的傾斜度,一般數(shù)字與底線成45°~60°的傾斜,并以向左下方傾斜為好。應(yīng)使每位數(shù)字(7、9除外)緊靠底線。每位數(shù)字高度約占預(yù)留格子(或空行)的1/2空格位置,每位數(shù)字之間一般不要連接,但不可預(yù)留間隔(以不增加數(shù)字為好);每位數(shù)字上方預(yù)留1/2空格位置,可以更正錯(cuò)誤記錄時(shí)使用。具體書寫要求下圖所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqKkQKOO0aemiMbfGnynXTc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字書寫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cce62b3650c842fca67f83a05ffa4de8","width":971},"text":"","id":"doxcnCGy08qKaMioc2FaT7dslKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)“0”字書寫時(shí),緊貼底線,圓要閉合,不宜過小,否則易被改為“9”字;幾個(gè)“0”連寫時(shí),不要寫連接線。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyWkcmu8aQykI69Kiedk0yc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)“1”書寫時(shí),要斜直,不能比其他數(shù)字短,否則易被改成“4”“6”“7”“9”等數(shù)碼字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0o0mmcsCou641GHl5gpgv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)“2”書寫時(shí),不能寫成“Z”,落筆應(yīng)緊貼底線,否則易被改成“3”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCuccaAQGYIEM9lr0Bqr4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)“3”書寫時(shí),拐彎處光滑流暢,起筆處至拐彎處距離稍長,不宜過短,否則易被改成“5”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUIGsGGu6s00ckbSzRu52Mb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)“4”字書寫時(shí),“∠”角要死折,即豎要斜寫,橫要平直且長,折角不能圓滑,否則易被改成“6”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI2wKSueS4g2s4HS3Ap6wyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)“5”字書寫時(shí),橫、鉤必須明顯,不可拖泥帶水,否則易被改成或混淆成“8”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEEYayqssUqQkmuJYE9OxVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)“6”字書寫時(shí),起筆處在上半格的1/4處,下圓要明顯,否則易被改成“4”“8”字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04uMS4OW2YkSsjgG6TIHpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)“7”字書寫時(shí),橫要平直明顯(即稍長),豎稍斜,拐彎處不能圓滑,否則易與“1”“9”相混淆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2COwgMwcIQoyoR5WwNDxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(9)“9”字書寫時(shí),上部的小圓要閉合,不留間隙,并且一豎稍長,略微出底線,否則易與“4”字混淆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAEksOCq2ecCCyS8kfDl2Qf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字前應(yīng)寫明幣種符號(hào),幣種符號(hào)與阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字金額之間不得留有空白。凡阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字前有幣種符號(hào)的,數(shù)字后邊不再寫單位。以元為單位的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字,除表示單價(jià)外一律寫到角分;無角分的,角分位寫“00”或符號(hào)“一”;有角無分的,分位應(yīng)寫“0”,不得寫符號(hào)“一”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneW22qkM4seesGJuCYQYBSA"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":460,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字書寫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3981977518144087a68a2ced64d1d6de","width":1801},"text":"","id":"doxcnQOsK2sMwuoqEeax4LQnmle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:人民幣伍佰零捌元陸角玖分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgooCWUQGe6UmE6Si3oOJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字寫:¥508.69","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUKmISSymk8kSndBu9AOQj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:人民幣伍仟零捌元整","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOoq4MUoMU4gMz5xymOuSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字寫:¥5008.00","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0Y8U6qiU6oasFLDMVTY6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、為了讀數(shù)與看數(shù)的方便,將整數(shù)部分用分節(jié)號(hào)(即從個(gè)位起每隔三位用“,”)或空格分開,個(gè)位與十分位之間用小數(shù)點(diǎn)(即“.”)標(biāo)明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWOU6GW6W2UsCOAvp8Wfvth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:人民幣叁仟伍佰肆拾壹元柒角叁分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIoMKgK6MiO0WQ3HJRSg6tc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"數(shù)字寫:¥3,541.73或¥3541.73","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMmAIoumSKI8kYHU9w87Elh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用計(jì)算器具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUiowiaaooO0KszGwC3EIDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、計(jì)算器盲打技能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8iaWOIq2kQMQlZGNfKYrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"計(jì)算器盲打是人們?cè)陂L期的實(shí)踐工作中逐步摸索、總結(jié)出來的快速計(jì)算方法。它有固定的操作方法,由于其速度快、效率高被廣泛應(yīng)用到會(huì)計(jì)工作中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUEGOsgmGswukHQJnBnCBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、計(jì)算器盲打指法分配","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuI6aQuieco28wxO10CoMod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"計(jì)算器的基本鍵位以數(shù)字鍵為中心:4、5、6分別由右手的食指、中指和無名指控制;鍵盤左側(cè)自上而下7、4、1由食指控制,8、5、2由中指控制,9、6、3由無名指控制,0由大拇指控制,“+”“-”由小指控制。如另有需要,可由食指控制“GT”“→”“CE”“ON/C”這四個(gè)鍵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA0EYQayYIQeimuaodMIpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":520,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用計(jì)算器具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7937748133a94d0ea41b93f465409784","width":611},"text":"","id":"doxcnWOiKMQ0ESyg2cpTj1rv0Rg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、計(jì)算器盲打定位","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqeqO4IMomugiieobTeQZvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在擊鍵之前或使用運(yùn)算鍵之后,右手食指、中指、無名指應(yīng)分別定位在4、5、6三鍵的上面。在擊鍵的過程中,右手的位置如下所述:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm28W6Qige02gOikkBkyyag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)右手腕騰空,使手掌上下移動(dòng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmmye64y4y8mIbGAVU2wzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)右手腕掌尾部放在桌子上,靠手指的移動(dòng)來完成操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmYAACG2eUU4yG6aKJuoif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、傳票翻打","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwSCagweykqsrKqUlpv4Bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、什么是傳票","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUusuwWsqmgcMjBsvtUPFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"傳票是指傳喚與案件有關(guān)人員到案的憑證,也指會(huì)計(jì)工作中據(jù)以登記賬目的憑單。我們這里講的傳票是指后者。我國最初的會(huì)計(jì)核算,就是在錢莊(也叫“票號(hào)”,相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的銀行)里每個(gè)人都把當(dāng)天發(fā)生的賬目記在同一張紙上,由于這張紙要在他們中間傳來傳去,異地之間的傳遞還設(shè)有密押,所以就叫做“傳票”,后來就演變成了會(huì)計(jì)憑證的代名詞?,F(xiàn)在,會(huì)計(jì)使用的記賬憑證和銀行里的一些憑證仍被稱為“傳票”。傳票即憑證,包括“記賬憑證和原始單據(jù)”,定期須裝訂成冊(cè)妥善保管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ims08w2SUqai0ApPDIYld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、傳票算","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkGseQA6GmoWHGeJfeiMkx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"傳票算也稱為憑證匯總算,它是對(duì)各種單據(jù)、發(fā)票和記賬憑證進(jìn)行匯總計(jì)算的一種方法,也是加減運(yùn)算中的一種常見方式。傳票算在各行各業(yè)中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用,例如:會(huì)計(jì)、金融保險(xiǎn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)等。(如:發(fā)貨單)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMocieCEIYUqq2ZaTihHAnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、傳票翻打","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwAYGqEkcEG6C6UkV2agQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻打傳票是訓(xùn)練一種計(jì)算能力。就是將一疊票據(jù),要邊翻邊計(jì)算,既要求準(zhǔn)確又要求快速。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6WMuiqGcOUwgvX3KKIOAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)傳票分類。傳票按是否裝訂,可分為訂本式傳票和活頁式傳票。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8M6EimAEwMqQamp0PblVWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)傳票樣本。訂本式傳票,一般每本100頁,每頁的右上角印有阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示頁碼;每頁傳票上有五筆(行)數(shù)字,每行數(shù)字前自上而下依次印有(一)、(二)、(三)、(四)、(五)的標(biāo)志(稱為行碼),“(一)”表示第一行數(shù),“(二)”表示第二行數(shù),以下同理。每行最高數(shù)有七位數(shù)字,最低有四位數(shù)字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoeaeiIWGOqEoaYZuswhVod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"規(guī)格:長19厘米,寬9厘米,每頁用四號(hào)手寫體鉛字印有五行數(shù),每個(gè)數(shù)字均帶有小數(shù)位;各行數(shù)下都加印有橫線,第二、第四行的橫線較粗些,第一、第三、第五行的橫線較細(xì)些,以便在運(yùn)算過程中識(shí)別行數(shù),提高準(zhǔn)確度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYYSSqyyEAIEOQlgZWMqUUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用計(jì)算器具","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7d06d3fd7e7941df9b6f5e3d6249be5a","width":705},"text":"","id":"doxcnaIekAUG66GUE4bCnfRzVVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)驗(yàn)票(準(zhǔn)備階段)。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中首先應(yīng)分類整理各種傳票、發(fā)票等,因紙張質(zhì)量好、次、薄、厚不均,需用夾子等分成小冊(cè)。在計(jì)算前,先檢查有無少頁、重頁、破頁、粘頁及數(shù)字不清等情況,若存在上述情況之一,要調(diào)換傳票。同時(shí),為了加快翻頁速度,并避免一次翻頁粘連,要將傳票捻成扇形。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwMqaoYKgIwgSUBHl0rLjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法:左手輕捏傳票左邊,右手拿住傳票右下部,拇指在封面上方,其余四指在封面下邊,左手為軸,右手拇指向前,其余先后捻動(dòng),捻成扇形后,用夾子將左上角夾住。至于扇面大小,根據(jù)自己平時(shí)的習(xí)慣而定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccEqOA8A4kUKUXTetEVKSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)翻頁。翻頁分為一次一頁翻頁傳統(tǒng)打法、一次一頁翻頁來回打法、一次雙頁翻頁打法。一次一頁翻頁傳統(tǒng)打法:翻頁時(shí)要以左手的中指、無名指、小指三個(gè)指頭,先壓住傳票的左下角,拇指、食指放在每題的起始頁,當(dāng)右手將起始頁上的數(shù)字撥入算盤或計(jì)算器時(shí),左手拇指將傳票掀起給食指和無名指夾住,拇指繼續(xù)掀起下一頁傳票。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsyiu0aWO0wwgcD0DJydbth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)計(jì)算器指法:盲打指法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI2SeICqeCoSE4Nl9qIsQgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)找頁。找頁的動(dòng)作快慢、準(zhǔn)確與否,直接影響傳票翻打的準(zhǔn)確和速度??焖僬翼撽P(guān)鍵是練好手感。摸好紙頁厚度,如10頁、20頁、30頁、50頁等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkCCgKi2SEcQgGGDQidrLTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)坐姿端正、精神集中、身體放松。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqQWAY4aEIMWagZkFqngWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoeyOgmq2iS0awoEwtZjSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"對(duì)于手工點(diǎn)鈔,根據(jù)持票姿勢(shì)不同,又可劃分為","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"和","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法,是將鈔票放在臺(tái)面上操作;手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法是在手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來的,其速度遠(yuǎn)比手按式點(diǎn)鈔方法快,因此,手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法在全國各地應(yīng)用比較普遍。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"手持式點(diǎn)鈔方法,根據(jù)指法不同又可分為:單指單張、單指多張、多指多張、扇面式點(diǎn)鈔等4種。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWcKm0IsSkkKUeWJxEfjm9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKg2i2so4aEMk6i7Zi79axh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一個(gè)手指一次點(diǎn)一張的方法叫單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法。這種方法是點(diǎn)鈔中最基本也是最常用的一種方法,使用范圍較廣,頻率較高,適用于收款、付款和整點(diǎn)各種新舊大小鈔票。這種點(diǎn)鈔方法由于持票面小,能看到票面的四分之三,容易發(fā)現(xiàn)假鈔票及殘破票;缺點(diǎn)是點(diǎn)一張記一個(gè)數(shù),比較費(fèi)力。具體操作方法如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn606ygoCgCUEuGQty5lNV7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)持票。左手橫執(zhí)鈔票,下面朝向身體,左手拇指在鈔票正面左端約四分之一處,食指與中指在鈔票背面與拇指同時(shí)捏住鈔票,無名指與小指自然彎曲并伸向票前左下方,與中指夾緊鈔票,食指伸直,拇指向上移動(dòng),按住鈔票側(cè)面,將鈔票壓成瓦形,左手將鈔票從桌面上擦過,拇指順勢(shì)將鈔票向上翻成微開的扇形,同時(shí),右手拇指、食指作點(diǎn)鈔準(zhǔn)備。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGgAeS0UsAscsO6XggYjUkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)清點(diǎn)。左手持鈔并形成瓦形后,右手食指托住鈔票背面右上角,用拇指尖逐張向下捻動(dòng)鈔票右上角,捻動(dòng)幅度要小,不要抬得過高,要輕捻。食指在鈔票背面的右端配合拇指捻動(dòng),左手拇指按捏鈔票不要過緊,要配合右手起自然助推的作用。右手的無名指將捻起的鈔票向懷里彈,要注意輕點(diǎn)快彈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgIykACsU0GnsU8DHm5Ned"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)記數(shù)。與清點(diǎn)同時(shí)進(jìn)行。在點(diǎn)數(shù)速度快的情況下,往往由于記數(shù)遲緩而影響點(diǎn)鈔的效率,因此記數(shù)應(yīng)該采用分組記數(shù)法。把10作1記,即1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、1(即10),1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、2(即20),以此類推,數(shù)到1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10(即100)。采用這種記數(shù)法記數(shù)既簡單又快捷,省力又好記。但記數(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)默記,不要念出聲,做到腦、眼、手密切配合,既準(zhǔn)又快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8iAs4k88Usc6U5BN50CXff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":486,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/46ba357a18e4481ea4c9f955ea1612a7","width":962},"text":"","id":"doxcnGukgY20IMKkQOpTjOFK1Pm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncW6YqIoigQCwKAXxdgEcYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0WMwaqeK6IiiOoYQuu8Hg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔時(shí),一指同時(shí)點(diǎn)兩張或兩張以上的方法叫單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法。它適用于收款、付款和各種券別的整點(diǎn)工作。點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)記數(shù)簡單省力,效率高。但也有缺點(diǎn),就是在一指捻幾張時(shí),由于不能看到中間幾張的全部票面,所以假鈔和殘破票不易發(fā)現(xiàn)。這種點(diǎn)鈔法除了記數(shù)和清點(diǎn)外,其他均與單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4qgQW8ku4AYcNdm47040f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)持票。與“單指單張點(diǎn)鈔法”技法相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnseGcmgeGMsOeCqFNUtU6gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)清點(diǎn)。清點(diǎn)時(shí),右手食指放在鈔票背面右上角,拇指肚放在正面右上角,拇指尖超出票面,用拇指肚先捻鈔。單指雙張點(diǎn)鈔法,拇指肚先捻第一張,拇指尖捻第二張。單指多張點(diǎn)鈔法,拇指用力要均衡,捻的幅度不要太大,食指、中指在票后面配合捻動(dòng),拇指捻張,無名指向懷里彈。在右手拇指往下捻動(dòng)的同時(shí),左手拇指稍抬,使票面拱起,從側(cè)邊分層錯(cuò)開,便于看清張數(shù),左手拇指往下?lián)茆n票,右手拇指抬起讓鈔票下落,左手拇指在撥鈔的同時(shí)下按其余鈔票,左右兩手拇指一起一落協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)作,如此循環(huán),直至點(diǎn)完。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0sU0wCkaACkOegBqvbUswc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。如:點(diǎn)雙數(shù),兩張為一組記一個(gè)數(shù),50組就是100張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKa2aM0UEq0MiWW48rbnZwf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94b1d801a737414bba9ec22d9bf6af73","width":910},"text":"","id":"doxcnuE0qEw6gg0SayqYOo599Kf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、多指多張點(diǎn)鈔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnouogkKcewUYYmzGWIa01Y0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"多指多張點(diǎn)鈔法是指:點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)用小指、無名指、中指、食指依次捻下一張鈔票,一次清點(diǎn)四張鈔票的方法,也叫四指四張點(diǎn)鈔法。這種點(diǎn)鈔法適用于收款、付款和整點(diǎn)工作,這種點(diǎn)鈔方法不僅省力、省腦,而且效率高。能夠逐張識(shí)別假鈔票和挑剔殘破鈔票。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IukssyAqkSyon7uvCrkJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)持票。用左手持鈔,中指在前,食指、無名指、小指在后,將鈔票夾緊,四指同時(shí)彎曲將鈔票輕壓成瓦形,拇指在鈔票的右上角外面,將鈔票推成小扇面,然后手腕向里轉(zhuǎn),使鈔票的右里角抬起,右手五指準(zhǔn)備清點(diǎn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn44OOmS2kYkEW40idM1Yeac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)清點(diǎn)。右手腕抬起,拇指貼在鈔票的右里角,其余四指同時(shí)彎曲并攏,從小指開始每指捻動(dòng)一張鈔票,依次下滑四個(gè)手指,每一次下滑動(dòng)作捻下四張鈔票,循環(huán)操作,直至點(diǎn)完100張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4qcumU6GIUAq8x86Mkp5zf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。每次點(diǎn)四張為一組,記滿25組為100張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng2Ag4oueyYiOkpV7iCuCGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoqcweMWaiKC6iiIq6bp7mh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":512,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c460590be834746a846bc40f0d93e36","width":908},"text":"","id":"doxcnc6wwGqO8G6Yc63R1Bptuje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0OE0WAGgWWIU234R2oZj9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、扇面式點(diǎn)鈔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAUquegkCYg0AYTuHV9iS5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"把鈔票捻成扇面狀進(jìn)行清點(diǎn)的方法叫扇面式點(diǎn)鈔法。這種點(diǎn)鈔方法速度快,是手工點(diǎn)鈔中效率最高的一種。但它只適合清點(diǎn)新票幣,不適于清點(diǎn)新、舊、破混合鈔票。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwymasuYAKKIE2v1sOT8x0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)持鈔。鈔票豎拿,左手拇指在票前下部中間票面約四分之一處。食指、中指在票后同拇指一起捏住鈔票,無名指和小指拳向手心。右手拇指在左手拇指的上端,用虎口從右側(cè)卡住鈔票成瓦形,食指、中指、無名指、小指均橫在鈔票背面,做開扇準(zhǔn)備。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGkwmAOmc44eUslxi2G59sf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)開扇。開扇是扇面點(diǎn)鈔的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),扇面要開的均勻,為點(diǎn)數(shù)打好基礎(chǔ),做好準(zhǔn)備。其方法是:以左手為軸,右手食指將鈔票向胸前左下方壓彎,然后再猛向右方閃動(dòng),同時(shí)右手拇指在票前向左上方推動(dòng)鈔票,食指、中指在票后面用力向右捻動(dòng),左手指在鈔票原位置向逆時(shí)針方向畫弧捻動(dòng),食指、中指在票后面用力向左上方捻動(dòng),右手手指逐步向下移動(dòng),至右下角時(shí)即可將鈔票推成扇面形。如有不均勻地方,可雙手持鈔抖動(dòng),使其均勻。打扇面時(shí),左右兩手一定要配合協(xié)調(diào),不要將鈔票捏得過緊,如果點(diǎn)鈔時(shí)采取一按十張的方法,扇面要開小些,便于點(diǎn)清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2ySSesOwiKKMiewTqwfqeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)點(diǎn)數(shù)。左手持扇面,右手中指、無名指、小指托住鈔票背面,拇指在鈔票右上角1厘米處,一次按下五張或十張;按下后用食指壓住,拇指繼續(xù)向前按第二次,依此類推,同時(shí)左手應(yīng)隨右手點(diǎn)數(shù)速度向內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)扇面,以迎合右手按動(dòng),直到點(diǎn)完100張為止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkY8iUMeOkoYADcsaVEiBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)記數(shù)。采用分組記數(shù)法。一次按5張為一組,記滿20組為100張;一次按10張為一組,記滿10組為100張。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iWe0AGSiWGgkX9PbUy7Xb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)合扇。清點(diǎn)完畢合扇時(shí),將左手向右倒,右手托住鈔票右側(cè)向左合攏,左右手指向中間一起用力,使鈔票豎立在桌面上,兩手松攏輕墩,把鈔票墩齊,準(zhǔn)備扎把。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWYgs2S8EqW0C0IANoDfwb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":876,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"點(diǎn)鈔方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/382cdcf0ec2440aaa2ef833da5f2f4ce","width":1324},"text":"","id":"doxcnMQ2cOEosM4aA6nHvvh8mBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"錄入會(huì)計(jì)憑證","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwWEauuQqqqQ8MR8sByP6Xf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)憑證","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAUa2Eo6YuiayEl4jtiYTJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)憑證簡稱憑證,是記錄經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),明確經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的書面證據(jù)。會(huì)計(jì)憑證是登記賬簿、進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的重要依據(jù)。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"正確填制和認(rèn)真審核會(huì)計(jì)憑證是出納崗位不可缺少的基礎(chǔ)工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucIKAQ4IGA6GAHqxb9k1Jd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"任何企業(yè)、事業(yè)和行政單位在從事任何一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)時(shí),都必須辦理會(huì)計(jì)憑證,也就是由有關(guān)人員根據(jù)有關(guān)規(guī)定和程序填制取得會(huì)計(jì)憑證,對(duì)整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)過程作出書面記錄。有關(guān)部門和人員要在會(huì)計(jì)憑證上蓋章簽字,表示對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)憑證的真實(shí)性、正確性與合法性負(fù)責(zé)。會(huì)計(jì)人員必須對(duì)已取得的會(huì)計(jì)憑證進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的審核,只有準(zhǔn)確無誤的會(huì)計(jì)憑證才能作為登記各種賬簿的憑據(jù)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8GWAiyMW4GW6iT2JZnw1cb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"封面的填寫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6mqo2gEi04ea8c0dn74QxI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根據(jù)財(cái)政部《會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)工作規(guī)范》第五十五條規(guī)定的精神,會(huì)計(jì)憑證的封面在填寫時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)包括以下內(nèi)容:單位名稱、所屬的年度和月份、起訖日期、憑證種類、起訖號(hào)碼等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0K0gcw6M6mQoslvCZKonOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"封面的填寫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df6842b3d3454b0484bca622398031a1","width":1280},"text":"","id":"doxcnCcSy4S0oquukwhcI8brAPg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"傳遞與保管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkGOCG208WSg4w7gXluaHMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、會(huì)計(jì)憑證的傳遞","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoaSsYm6uc8uOE7lSSdYA8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)憑證的傳遞是指各種會(huì)計(jì)憑證從填制、取得到歸檔保管為止的全部過程,即在企業(yè)、事業(yè)和行政單位內(nèi)部有關(guān)人員和部門之間傳送、交接的過程。要規(guī)定各種憑證的填寫、傳遞單位與憑證份數(shù),規(guī)定會(huì)計(jì)憑證傳遞的程序、移交的時(shí)間和接受與保管的有關(guān)部門。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Q4KUye2QmsQ8Bg18Tx4Ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、會(huì)計(jì)憑證的保管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2Cwo0y6GeK4KUSB6tRJJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)憑證是重要的會(huì)計(jì)檔案和經(jīng)濟(jì)資料,每個(gè)單位都要建立保管制度,妥善保管。對(duì)各種會(huì)計(jì)憑證要分門別類、按照編號(hào)順序整理,裝訂成冊(cè)。封面上要注明會(huì)計(jì)憑證的名稱、起訖號(hào)、時(shí)間以及有關(guān)人員的簽章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMqmIo4AU8QEWch5mk85Hkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要妥善保管好會(huì)計(jì)憑證,在保管期間會(huì)計(jì)憑證不得外借,對(duì)超過所規(guī)定期限(一般是15年)的會(huì)計(jì)憑證,要嚴(yán)格依照有關(guān)程序銷毀。需永久保留的有關(guān)會(huì)計(jì)憑證,不能銷毀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGA6MG6SG4Uu4CHR0J1BDc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"裝訂","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkw6u4ckakK8YrCgnEFHAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"會(huì)計(jì)憑證的裝訂是指把定期整理完畢的會(huì)計(jì)憑證按照編號(hào)順序,外加封面、封底,裝訂成冊(cè),并在裝訂線上加貼封簽。在封面上,應(yīng)寫明單位名稱、年度、月份、記賬憑證的種類、起訖日期、起訖號(hào)數(shù),以及記賬憑證和原始憑證的張數(shù),并在封簽處加蓋會(huì)計(jì)主管的騎縫圖章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGGM86cQOsSmaUbXgYBffbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果采用單式記賬憑證,在整理裝訂憑證時(shí),必須保持會(huì)計(jì)分錄的完整。為此,應(yīng)按憑證號(hào)碼順序還原裝訂成冊(cè),不得按科目歸類裝訂。對(duì)各種重要的原始單據(jù),以及各種需要隨時(shí)查閱和退回的單據(jù),應(yīng)另編目錄,單獨(dú)登記保管,并在有關(guān)的記賬憑證和原始憑證上相互注明日期和編號(hào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmA8y4amiYgYCaVd2PvShjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"匯總裝訂后的會(huì)計(jì)憑證封面如下所示:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEioYGu8WOsomSOjvfJgrKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":580,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"裝訂","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/584c7b786c114fe4a669ef8f89933684","width":1223},"text":"","id":"doxcny4wAEsuaOoIWEPnbEUfbXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"為了使裝訂成冊(cè)的會(huì)計(jì)憑證外形美觀,在裝訂時(shí)要考慮到憑證的整齊均勻,特別是裝訂線的位置,如果太薄時(shí)可用紙折一些三角形紙條,均勻地墊在此處,以保證它的厚度與憑證中間的厚度一致。有些會(huì)計(jì)在裝訂會(huì)計(jì)憑證時(shí)采用角訂法:裝訂起來簡單易行,這也很不錯(cuò)。它的具體操作步驟如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEucQoo0Ys4kuA1koMSJSzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)將憑證封面和封底裁開,分別附在憑證前面和后面,再拿一張質(zhì)地相同的紙(可以再找一張憑證封皮,裁下一半用,另一半為訂下一本憑證備用)放在封面上角,做護(hù)角用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQu6CooUKkIWEw1jyYG6dhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)在憑證的左上角畫一邊長為5cm的三角形,用夾子夾住,用裝訂機(jī)在底線上分布均勻地打兩個(gè)眼兒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ygss6yqSWie2f0PNBd0Wb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)用大針引線繩穿過兩個(gè)眼兒。如果沒有針,可以將曲別針順直,然后將兩端折向同一個(gè)方向,將線繩從中間穿過并夾緊,即可把線引過來,因?yàn)橐话阊b訂機(jī)打出的眼兒是可以穿過的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYIkMWOqoACwkhVpDB2jcg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)在憑證的背面打線結(jié)。線繩最好在憑證兩端也系上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYikKMAgC0e8y4RBC4xWKih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)將護(hù)角向左上側(cè)折,并將一側(cè)剪開至憑證的左上角,然后抹上膠水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuyksquMS0W0a60j1F2PXAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)向后折疊,并將側(cè)面和背面的線繩扣粘死。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu0EsWGWeysiam6AOmOuKOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)待晾干后,在憑證本的脊背上面寫上某年某月第幾冊(cè)共幾冊(cè)的字樣。裝訂人在裝訂線封簽處簽名或者蓋章?,F(xiàn)金憑證、銀行憑證和轉(zhuǎn)賬憑證最好依次順序編號(hào),一個(gè)月從頭編一次序號(hào),如果單位的憑證少,可以全年順序編號(hào)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqo824mEmAYou8nWzCWvxt4"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保管期限","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKMY6ccUwsOmosvXbWPKgbj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根據(jù)《會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理辦法》的規(guī)定,會(huì)計(jì)憑證的保管期限是:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnII8S8iKCoqY8GKKFHBpK6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)原始憑證:15年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncKouSwAA8suwKEiuUTVH1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)記賬憑證:15年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQwGmEyYiWq4QwxIfBuafld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)匯總憑證:15年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6UAkYqO2CouUtJ1Awn2qc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"記賬業(yè)務(wù)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKaAWwuOGcEgiSeO4wFITdc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW8Cw0gw40esoSilJtIzLLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、賬簿的設(shè)置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWOwMoiyUyG6OwPptBcCz9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納主要設(shè)置訂本式的“現(xiàn)金日記賬”、“銀行存款日記賬”和有關(guān)有價(jià)證券方面的一些明細(xì)分類賬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQIuiEuIYeaKyquj5wgmBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬主要核算股票、債券等有價(jià)證券的增減變動(dòng)及結(jié)存情況,出納人員對(duì)由自己保管的各種有價(jià)證券要分設(shè)明細(xì)賬進(jìn)行核算,如設(shè)“長期投資股票投資(××股票)”明細(xì)科目核算本單位對(duì)××股票的購進(jìn)、售出以及結(jié)存情況。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqc8q0O4goUyuWOAwp4PFQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"日記賬可以選用“三欄式”賬簿,也可以根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的特點(diǎn)和經(jīng)營管理的需要選用“多欄式”賬簿。明細(xì)賬一般選用“三欄式”賬簿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauUIUMYE08gauIuyWz5iuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、出納賬簿的啟用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaYa4WcSyqsMcEtU4Bku6Bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿是重要的會(huì)計(jì)檔案和歷史資料。啟用會(huì)計(jì)賬簿時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)在賬簿封面上寫明單位名稱和賬簿名稱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciIgmyicSKs6cT200Rr9Gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在賬簿扉頁上應(yīng)當(dāng)附啟用表,內(nèi)容包括啟用日期、賬簿頁數(shù)、記賬人員和會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人、會(huì)計(jì)主管人員姓名,并加蓋姓名章和單位公章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIKugkqyG66sELN8RRMxpnq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"記賬人員或者會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)人、會(huì)計(jì)主管人員調(diào)動(dòng)時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)注明交接日期、接辦人員或者監(jiān)交人員姓名,并由交接雙方人員簽名或者蓋章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmeSqM46IM42O6NM0PZSy1s"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿啟用表一般格式如下圖所示:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnos0GCOGcEuQqczYqlKqbse"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":291,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89e0298003784321a4c89c295c4df587","width":899},"text":"","id":"doxcnQiyAG2QyGG8EwdkZ1Gb02b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"啟用訂本式賬簿,應(yīng)當(dāng)從第一頁到最后一頁順序編定頁數(shù),不得跳頁、缺號(hào)。使用活頁式賬頁,應(yīng)當(dāng)按賬戶順序編號(hào),并須定期裝訂成冊(cè)。裝訂后再按實(shí)際使用的賬頁順序編定頁碼。在總分類賬和明細(xì)分類賬第一頁的前面,分別另加目錄,記明每個(gè)賬戶的名稱和頁次,以便檢查、登記和防止賬頁散失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEWIo0IaWKqovhYyB7rghN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、賬簿的登記","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqW8wOWgoaoOoxwTbCiVgmm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、現(xiàn)金日記賬的登記","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyQa6QsCwqIEW0WpPr4RbPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金日記賬是用來逐筆反映現(xiàn)金的收入、支出和結(jié)余情況的賬簿。出納根據(jù)現(xiàn)金的收款憑證和付款憑證序時(shí)地逐筆登記。根據(jù)現(xiàn)金收款憑證登記收人金額,根據(jù)現(xiàn)金付款憑證登記支出金額,每天結(jié)余出全天的現(xiàn)金收入、支出的發(fā)生額和余額,且要將余額與現(xiàn)金庫存核對(duì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnesIK6qOGkoEWw5HoUQK5Vc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"日余額的計(jì)算公式為:日余額=上日余額+本日收入發(fā)生額 - 本日支出發(fā)生額","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA42kKUUcSgaa4MPqZih5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金日記賬是既登記現(xiàn)金收入,又登記現(xiàn)金支出的現(xiàn)金收付日記賬,也可更細(xì)地分別設(shè)置現(xiàn)金收入日記賬和現(xiàn)金支出日記賬。現(xiàn)金收付日記賬一般采用的是三欄式,其格式如下圖所示:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YG4eweyiKAYU1Tz5S18zg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6892ecdc252b43379fef2aa5a8c9f696","width":756},"text":"","id":"doxcnE8aMqcGYsY2GwT3zmGLy9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、銀行存款日記賬的登記","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAWQgyyCgmEA4mQenS0A4Bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"銀行存款日記賬是用來逐筆反映企業(yè)在銀行存款的收入、支出及結(jié)余情況的賬簿。銀行存款日記賬按銀行賬戶分別設(shè)置,由出納員根據(jù)銀行收款憑證和付款憑證序時(shí)地逐筆順序登記,每天結(jié)算出各賬戶全天的銀行存款收入、支出的發(fā)生額和余額,且定期與銀行對(duì)賬單對(duì)賬,編制出銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKGuiG22UkwS0UR2xQK0v4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根據(jù)銀行收款憑證登記收入金額,根據(jù)銀行付款憑證登記支出金額,對(duì)于將現(xiàn)金存入銀行和銀行間轉(zhuǎn)存的情況,可根據(jù)現(xiàn)金付款憑證或者銀行付款憑證登記收入金額。銀行存款日記賬格式有多欄式和三欄式兩種,一般多采用三欄式,其格式如下圖所示:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKeiKKYgqiK6IopuCnWvOzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":773,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"賬簿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b64ce6106034fffa4de45717d3696cc","width":750},"text":"","id":"doxcnoEiiueMaGiaUkH6IpLFcwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"記賬規(guī)則","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn62ymMIyg8aGQgZy7X8LIoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、登記賬簿的基本要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgEGSgKeAIYasbCyC4RLtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)賬簿必須根據(jù)審核無誤的會(huì)計(jì)憑證及時(shí)登記,記賬時(shí)必須嚴(yán)格根據(jù)經(jīng)過審核的會(huì)計(jì)憑證填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱,或者同時(shí)填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱和編號(hào),不得只填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的編號(hào),不填列會(huì)計(jì)科目的名稱。為了防止重記、漏記和便于查閱,登記時(shí)應(yīng)將記賬憑證號(hào)記人賬簿,同時(shí)在記賬憑證上注明“v”記號(hào),表示已經(jīng)登記入賬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oIeukkKqAUq83UOKmY8Ke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)為了使賬簿記錄清晰整潔,防止篡改,記賬時(shí)必須用藍(lán)黑色墨水筆書寫,不能使用鉛筆和圓珠筆書寫。紅墨水只能在結(jié)賬畫線、改錯(cuò)、沖賬等規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCsUsGAC64UY2w5NJvMAQMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)各類賬簿必須按編好的頁碼順序登記,不得隔頁、跳行。如不慎發(fā)生隔、跳行現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)在空頁或空行處用紅墨水筆畫對(duì)角線或注明“此頁空白”、“作廢”等字樣。不得任意撕毀訂本式賬簿的賬頁。不得隨意抽掉活頁式或卡片式賬簿的賬頁。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWe4EK6akaSaAq8ShgUwjuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)訂本賬簿若出現(xiàn)預(yù)留賬頁不夠需跳頁登記時(shí),應(yīng)在末行摘要欄內(nèi)注明“過入第××頁”并在新賬頁第一行摘要欄內(nèi)注明“承××頁”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWM0EG4iK0EKaIP6wN51jd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)每登記滿一頁賬頁,應(yīng)在該賬頁的最后一行加計(jì)本頁發(fā)生額及余額,并在“摘要”欄內(nèi)注明“過次頁”;同時(shí)在下一頁的首行記入上頁加計(jì)的發(fā)生額及余額,并在“摘要”欄內(nèi)注明“承前頁”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQck0WE2owwSKFYAwQzIkId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)“摘要”欄的文字記述要簡潔清楚扼要,并逐步規(guī)范化,書寫工整,不得亂用簡化字,數(shù)字應(yīng)用阿拉伯字書寫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuygMs0U84gcGgj1LPPtc7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)不得對(duì)賬簿進(jìn)行亂擦、挖補(bǔ)、涂改或用其他化學(xué)方式更改字跡,以防篡改舞弊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48KYMgmEwOGweURR3Qzf8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、登賬時(shí),發(fā)生隔頁、跳行的處理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWw6E4KgeC6gCoj1q0oH1nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各種賬簿按頁順序連續(xù)登記,不得跳行、隔頁。如果發(fā)生跳行、隔頁,應(yīng)當(dāng)將空行、空頁畫線注銷,或者注明“此行空白”、“此頁空白”字樣,并由記賬人員簽名或者蓋章。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO6EkysgAkSQ8egGhebiakd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、結(jié)賬時(shí)的畫線規(guī)則","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2iKw6W004WigisVcJTJEUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"結(jié)賬畫線的目的是為了突出本月合計(jì)數(shù)及月末余額,表示本會(huì)計(jì)期的會(huì)計(jì)記錄已經(jīng)截止或結(jié)束,并將本期與下期的記錄明顯分開。月結(jié)畫單紅線,年結(jié)畫雙紅線,畫線應(yīng)畫通欄線,不應(yīng)只在本賬頁中的金額部分畫線。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk0EgKkGmKq0Cc9gqNU9zsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、總分類賬與明細(xì)分類賬平行登記","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyS6mOe0ikwqK6KrHm9V9sg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"總分類賬戶是根據(jù)總分類賬科目設(shè)置的,用來對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)要素具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總括分類核算的賬戶。總分類賬戶又稱總賬賬戶,總分類賬戶提供總括核算指標(biāo)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns2Uc8cO0EOMoiqyolHsGzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明細(xì)分類賬戶是根據(jù)明細(xì)分類科目設(shè)置的,用來對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)要素具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行明細(xì)分類核算的賬戶。明細(xì)分類賬戶又稱為明細(xì)賬戶。明細(xì)分類賬戶是企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)部門依據(jù)本單位經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的具體內(nèi)容、管理上的要求及方便會(huì)計(jì)核算等而自行設(shè)置的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsESM2C80kqYw04XNqxMVwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"總分類賬戶和明細(xì)分類賬戶,兩者登記的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)內(nèi)容是相同的,只是詳細(xì)層次不一樣。因此,在會(huì)計(jì)核算中,要采取平行登記的方法。所謂平行登記,是指凡涉及明細(xì)分類賬戶的同一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),要根據(jù)會(huì)計(jì)憑證一方面記人相關(guān)總分類賬戶,另一方面又要記入所屬明細(xì)分類賬戶的一種登賬方法。采用平行登記,一方面可以滿足經(jīng)營管理者對(duì)總括資料及詳細(xì)核算資料的需要,另一方面可以檢查賬務(wù)記錄的正確性。平行登記是企業(yè)內(nèi)部牽制制度在會(huì)計(jì)核算上的具體運(yùn)用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKua68MAq62oYKq7lQolfNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五、賬戶期末余額的填寫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAWAuaOawY6qQhVOdIZ2Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡需要結(jié)出余額的賬戶,結(jié)出余額后,應(yīng)當(dāng)在“借或貸”欄內(nèi)寫明“借”或“貸”字樣。沒有余額的賬戶應(yīng)在“借或貸”欄內(nèi)寫“平”字,并在余額的欄內(nèi)用“O”表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAE6sswsYYkySMMr3nPkEnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"賬戶余額的填寫方法是:每月結(jié)賬時(shí),應(yīng)將月末余額寫在本月最后一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)記錄的同一行內(nèi)。但在現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬和其他需按月結(jié)計(jì)發(fā)生額的賬戶,如各種成本、費(fèi)用、收入的明細(xì)賬簿,每月結(jié)賬時(shí)還應(yīng)將月末余額和本月發(fā)生額寫在同一行內(nèi),在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本月合計(jì)”字樣。這樣做,賬戶記錄中的月初余額加減本期發(fā)生額等于月末余額,便于賬戶記錄的稽核。需要結(jié)計(jì)本年累計(jì)發(fā)生額的明細(xì)賬戶,每月結(jié)賬時(shí),“本月合計(jì)”行已有余額的,“本年累計(jì)”行就不必再寫余額了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUYeOuMIc8k8zDiGgV3oA6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"結(jié)賬與對(duì)賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCqCIwiyuioYSab74vWyCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、怎樣進(jìn)行結(jié)賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkWqGG84WoSsGOwTWAKTeNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"結(jié)賬時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)出每個(gè)賬戶的期末余額,需要結(jié)出當(dāng)月發(fā)生額的,應(yīng)在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本月合計(jì)”字樣,并在下面通欄畫單紅線。需要結(jié)出本年累計(jì)發(fā)生額的,應(yīng)當(dāng)在摘要欄內(nèi)注明“本年累計(jì)”字樣,并在下面通欄畫單紅線;12月末的“本年累計(jì)”就是全年累計(jì)發(fā)生額,全年累計(jì)發(fā)生額下面應(yīng)當(dāng)通欄畫雙紅線。年度終了結(jié)賬時(shí),所有總賬賬戶都結(jié)出全年發(fā)生額和年末余額,需要結(jié)計(jì)本月發(fā)生額的某些賬戶,如果本月只發(fā)生一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),由于此筆記錄的金額就是本月發(fā)生額,結(jié)賬時(shí)只要在這項(xiàng)記錄下畫一紅線,表示與下月的發(fā)生額分開就可以了,不需要另結(jié)出“本月合計(jì)”數(shù)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngykecQsKEYyk8F8N1bDcCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)電算化后怎樣結(jié)賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiEEWMUGEWUGisNyRxETwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每月月底都需要進(jìn)行結(jié)賬處理,計(jì)算機(jī)結(jié)賬不僅要結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)各賬戶的本期發(fā)生額和期末余額,還要進(jìn)行一系列電算化處理,檢查會(huì)計(jì)憑證是否全部登記人賬并審核簽章、試算平衡、輔助賬處理等。與手工相比電算化結(jié)賬工作更加規(guī)范,結(jié)賬全部是由計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)完成。結(jié)賬工作需要注意的事項(xiàng):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIQyYyiCMW6WsA5eXCQx5wg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)由于某月結(jié)完賬后將不能再輸人和修改該月的憑證,所以使用會(huì)計(jì)軟件時(shí),結(jié)賬工作應(yīng)由專人負(fù)責(zé)管理,以防止其他人員的誤操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne2aMYeI82gey2R2dVqrIVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)結(jié)賬前應(yīng)檢查該月的所有憑證是否均已記賬、結(jié)賬日期是否正確、其他相關(guān)模塊的數(shù)據(jù)是否傳遞完畢,以及其他結(jié)賬條件是否完備。若結(jié)賬條件不滿足,則退出本模塊,檢查本月份輸入的會(huì)計(jì)憑證是否全部登記入賬,只有在本期輸入的會(huì)計(jì)憑證全部登記入賬后才允許結(jié)本月份的賬。與記賬不同的是,一個(gè)月可以記賬數(shù)次,而只能結(jié)一次賬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SoeW4UEC8WCM5DzR40fSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)結(jié)賬必須逐月進(jìn)行,上月未結(jié)賬也不允許結(jié)本月的賬。若結(jié)賬成功,則做月結(jié)標(biāo)志,之后不能再輸人該月的憑證和記該月的賬;若結(jié)賬不成功,則恢復(fù)到結(jié)賬前的狀態(tài),同時(shí)給出提示信息,要求用戶做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSggY0IwiYWmYVFSfACm1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)年底結(jié)賬,則系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生下年度的空白數(shù)據(jù)文件(即數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)文件。包括憑證臨時(shí)文件、憑證庫文件、科目余額發(fā)生額文件),并轉(zhuǎn)年度余額。同時(shí)自動(dòng)對(duì)“固定資產(chǎn)”等會(huì)計(jì)文件做跨年度連續(xù)使用的處理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WcEc8EymSc4KASwvpvvLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、對(duì)賬的主要內(nèi)容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiI6YUmw20Asu6UJzhd81f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"對(duì)賬是為了保證賬簿記賬和會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的數(shù)字真實(shí)可靠,每月將各賬簿的賬戶記錄進(jìn)行核對(duì),以保證賬賬相符、賬證相符、賬表相符。我們通常所稱的對(duì)賬包括賬證核對(duì)、賬賬核對(duì)和賬實(shí)核對(duì)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0O8YsQOMcmkagNsgDpTeVG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五、實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)電算化后怎樣進(jìn)行對(duì)賬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwcYyCUCca2OkGiAReAo0Ih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"計(jì)算機(jī)銀行對(duì)賬與手工核對(duì)銀行賬的原理和方法基本相同,但對(duì)賬、核銷已達(dá)賬面以及編制銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表等工作基本交由計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)完成。計(jì)算機(jī)核對(duì)銀行賬,首先將銀行發(fā)來的對(duì)賬單輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中的銀行對(duì)賬單庫中,然后由用戶確定對(duì)賬的銀行存款科目及對(duì)賬方式,再令計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)將系統(tǒng)中存儲(chǔ)的銀行日記賬中的記錄按對(duì)賬的條件進(jìn)行篩選,并將篩選的記錄送人銀行日記賬未達(dá)賬庫中,最后在銀行對(duì)賬單庫與日記賬未達(dá)賬庫之間進(jìn)行記錄的自動(dòng)核對(duì)和核銷,并自動(dòng)生成銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyC26oMsw6SUkRDaZ3TkFb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"錯(cuò)賬及其查找","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnegsm2Mgc2KqWKUanITPDJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納員在每日或每月結(jié)賬時(shí),特別是在每日結(jié)賬時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)日記賬的期末余額與期初余額加本期收入總數(shù)減本期支出總數(shù)的合計(jì)數(shù)不符,或者日記賬期末余額與總賬期末余額不符合的情況。一旦發(fā)生這種情況,出納員應(yīng)采用正確的方法迅速查明原因,按規(guī)定方法予以更正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCWy6CmYeo6QQc7LMYHY7Sh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、錯(cuò)賬原因","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneMcGgCOYcmIycduOGYUxbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"導(dǎo)致出納錯(cuò)賬的原因是多種多樣的,概括起來主要包括如下幾種:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8MkIESCOUoMkjVcND9e24"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)記賬方向錯(cuò)誤。在記賬時(shí),在賬簿中借方與貸方的記載顛倒,把借方記成貸方或把貸方記成借方。如果把應(yīng)記的紅字的數(shù)字誤記為藍(lán)字;或把應(yīng)記的藍(lán)字?jǐn)?shù)字誤記為紅字,這也屬于記賬方向錯(cuò)誤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweI0o0g00WSoxEhaNN87y4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)漏記。在記賬時(shí)將某一憑證的金額的數(shù)字遺漏未記入賬簿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAkuUWE0Uw2uOU3Q3EuRmTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)重記。將已經(jīng)登記入賬的金額數(shù)字,又重復(fù)記入賬簿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGkge8AW20wmUMFywato2zb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)記錯(cuò)科目。在記賬時(shí)“張冠李戴”,如將現(xiàn)金記入銀行存款科目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQES4EAuWgiGcoV4CJKIbyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)數(shù)字位數(shù)移位。在記賬時(shí)將數(shù)字位數(shù)移動(dòng),即以大寫小(少寫1個(gè)或幾個(gè)0)或以小寫大(多寫1個(gè)或幾個(gè)0)。例如將100寫成10,或?qū)?0寫成100等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns4gKg8OE8UcUaiumltp68f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)數(shù)字位數(shù)顛倒。在記賬時(shí),將某一數(shù)字中相鄰的兩位顛倒登記入賬。如將12寫成21,123寫成132等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGo0CU8Wm0UsgiuqYjoo9sd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)結(jié)賬時(shí)計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤。結(jié)賬時(shí)數(shù)字打錯(cuò),余額記錯(cuò),從而導(dǎo)致不符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnei6OaAwMoYisySkMFiqQhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)其他不規(guī)則錯(cuò)誤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksY6q8ecIYck2Wamnrmvkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、錯(cuò)帳查找技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OeSUycgce88ITcU6FYIdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、順查法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0K8GQsWQWUY0M5tPcoeIKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即按照原來賬務(wù)處理的順序從頭到尾進(jìn)行普遍查找的方法。主要用于期末對(duì)賬簿進(jìn)行的全面核對(duì)和不規(guī)則的錯(cuò)誤查找。對(duì)于查過的賬目要在數(shù)字旁邊打“√”或其他記號(hào),以免重復(fù)查找。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUc2aqeEco2S6zA7EDR9Bb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、逆查法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOwqMOcSc0oaOiwKdiy10pB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即與原來賬務(wù)處理的順序相反,從尾到頭地普遍檢查的方法。如果出納員認(rèn)為錯(cuò)誤可能出在當(dāng)天最后幾筆業(yè)務(wù)或者當(dāng)月最后幾天的業(yè)務(wù)上,那么,按照這樣倒過來的順序查找,有時(shí)可以事半功倍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ssc0MWuMqseagrbdrg0Dg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、抽查法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaImuO6Y44kkKQ54dND7uNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是指抽取賬簿記錄當(dāng)中的某些部分進(jìn)行局部檢查的方法。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)賬簿記錄有差錯(cuò),出納員可根據(jù)差錯(cuò)的具體情況從賬簿中抽查部分內(nèi)容,而不必核對(duì)全部內(nèi)容。例如,差錯(cuò)數(shù)字只在角位、分位,或者只是整數(shù)百位、千位,就可以縮小查找范圍,專門查看角位、分位或者百位、千位的數(shù)字,其他的數(shù)字不必一一檢查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMUK68GoWwMkAZ5a3D6iBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除此之外,在出納錯(cuò)賬的查找中,經(jīng)常使用偶合法。所謂偶合法,即根據(jù)賬簿記錄差錯(cuò)中最常見的規(guī)律,根據(jù)差錯(cuò)的情況來推測(cè)差錯(cuò)原因進(jìn)而查找差錯(cuò)的一種查找方法。主要用來查找?guī)в幸?guī)律性原因造成的差錯(cuò)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQ6aOQEG6csu6ujrgGO1wf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如出納員推測(cè)可能是漏記、重記的差錯(cuò),可用“差數(shù)法”,即根據(jù)核對(duì)不相符的差額進(jìn)行查找。如日記賬余額比總賬余額少300元,出納員推斷可能是漏計(jì)了一筆300元的憑證,則可以查找金額為300元的憑證。如多300元,出納員推測(cè)屬于重記,則同樣可查找是否將金額為300元的憑證重復(fù)登記。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksKqOYyGUsCqMhovyjXcQe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納報(bào)告","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE6yG0Q60ocYEcVjXbBh5ye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、出納報(bào)告的基本格式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUKWyEuqk4GIO9pZUSXuUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納人員記賬后,應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)金日記賬、銀行存款日記賬、有價(jià)證券明細(xì)賬、銀行對(duì)賬單等核算資料,定期編制“出納報(bào)告單”和“銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表”,報(bào)告本單位一定時(shí)期現(xiàn)金、銀行存款、有價(jià)證券的收、支、存情況,并與總賬會(huì)計(jì)核對(duì)期末余額?!俺黾{報(bào)告單”和“銀行存款余額調(diào)節(jié)表”的格式如下圖所示:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2M2EG0KEsQEmok3Padpeb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":731,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"出納報(bào)告","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9457d7c2b5864709a0081fde53dc166f","width":854},"text":"","id":"do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t","text":"為了加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)金收支管理,出納與會(huì)計(jì)人員必須分清責(zé)任,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行賬、錢、物分管的原則,實(shí)行相互制約。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQMWkcWQyUyyQkzRIyaWvoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)企業(yè)應(yīng)按規(guī)定編制現(xiàn)金收付計(jì)劃,并按計(jì)劃組織現(xiàn)金收支活動(dòng)。收入現(xiàn)金要進(jìn)行防偽檢查,支付現(xiàn)金要當(dāng)面點(diǎn)清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCq6yUQOYo4IMpUmlj8Z3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)部門,出納工作和會(huì)計(jì)工作必須合理分工,現(xiàn)金的收付保管應(yīng)由出納人員負(fù)責(zé)辦理,非出納人員不得經(jīng)管現(xiàn)金。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0yG8OqSMMOoImoeGLr0jFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行現(xiàn)金清查盤點(diǎn)制度,保證現(xiàn)金安全完整。出納人員每天盤點(diǎn)現(xiàn)金實(shí)有數(shù),與現(xiàn)金日記賬的賬面余額核對(duì),保證賬實(shí)相符。企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)部門必須定期或不定期地進(jìn)行清查盤點(diǎn),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)或防止差錯(cuò)以及挪用、貪污、盜竊等不法行為的發(fā)生。如果出現(xiàn)長短款,必須及時(shí)查找原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncyC8yKQmSWEokfWXxCGdYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)一切現(xiàn)金收入都應(yīng)開具收款收據(jù),即使有些現(xiàn)金收入已有對(duì)方付款憑證,也應(yīng)開出收據(jù)交付款人,以明確經(jīng)濟(jì)職責(zé);收入現(xiàn)金簽發(fā)收據(jù)與經(jīng)手收款,按要求也應(yīng)當(dāng)分開,由兩個(gè)經(jīng)辦人分工辦理,如銷貨收入應(yīng)由經(jīng)銷人員負(fù)責(zé)填制發(fā)票單據(jù),出納人員據(jù)以收款,以防差錯(cuò)與作弊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIkU8McQ4icGaKWBfDf15b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)一切現(xiàn)金收入必須當(dāng)天入賬,當(dāng)天送存銀行,如收進(jìn)的現(xiàn)金是銀行當(dāng)天停止收款以后發(fā)生的,也應(yīng)在第二天送存銀行。當(dāng)日送存確有困難的,應(yīng)取得開戶銀行同意后,按雙方協(xié)商的時(shí)間送存。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqMo0qMSWYm0g1TftUMAqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)不準(zhǔn)利用銀行存款賬戶代其他單位或個(gè)人存入、支取或匯兌現(xiàn)金。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEE8AkiMmiIiKwvKXa7uIOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)一切現(xiàn)金支出都要有原始憑證,由經(jīng)辦人簽名,經(jīng)主管和有關(guān)人員審核后,出納人員才能據(jù)以付款,在付款后,應(yīng)加蓋“現(xiàn)金付訖”戳記,妥善保管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQ6OMICsYoQ0ygtoHnGLCd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金的整理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncE8UwGOemwECw9zWr2zz0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各單位出納員在將現(xiàn)金送存銀行之前,應(yīng)對(duì)送存現(xiàn)金進(jìn)行分類整理,其整理的方法為:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQy6kECAKOkoeQzQSgdBcNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紙幣應(yīng)按照票面額(即券別)分別整理。紙幣可分為主幣和輔幣,主幣包括壹佰元、伍拾元、拾元、伍元、貳元和壹元,輔幣包括伍角、貳角、壹角。出納員應(yīng)將各種紙幣打開鋪平,然后按幣別每100張為Ⅰ把,用紙條和橡皮筋箍好,每10把扎成1捆,比如100元券的紙幣Ⅰ把即為10000元,1捆即為100000元;10元券1把即為1000元,1捆即為10000元。不滿100張的,十九平一折或九平一折,從大到小平攤攤放。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE2ecWs8uUW2O0Y2ReSIhsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鑄幣包括壹元、伍角、貳角、壹角、伍分、貳分、壹分。鑄幣也應(yīng)按幣別整理,同一幣別每100枚為1卷,用紙包緊卷好,每10卷為1捆。例如伍角的鑄幣每1卷即為50元,每1捆即為500元。不滿50枚的硬幣,用紙包好另行放開。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCeGQie08i2uKSqDE67SRKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"殘缺破損的紙幣和已經(jīng)穿孔、裂口、破缺、壓薄、變形以及正面的國徽,背面的數(shù)字模糊不清的幣,應(yīng)單獨(dú)剔出,另行包裝,整理方法與前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn42qAqeIgocGscvEktIi01g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金送款簿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuaCIs4MciCSeaAL4ajPeEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)金整理完后,出納員應(yīng)根據(jù)整理后的金額填寫現(xiàn)金送款簿。現(xiàn)金送款簿一般一式四聯(lián),第一聯(lián)為回單,由銀行簽章后作為送款單位的記賬依據(jù),第二聯(lián)為銀行收入傳票,第三聯(lián)為收賬通知,第四聯(lián)由銀行出納留存作為底聯(lián)備查。出納員在填寫現(xiàn)金收款簿時(shí),要按格式規(guī)定如實(shí)填寫有關(guān)內(nèi)容,包括收款單位名稱、款項(xiàng)來源、開戶銀行、送款日期、開戶賬號(hào)、送款金額的大、小寫及各券別的數(shù)量等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0OSOyuWmAQ8Ae40L3YD24b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出納員在填寫“現(xiàn)金送款簿”時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUo44mQQuEy2AOSyWc9ihje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)出納員必須如實(shí)填寫現(xiàn)金送款簿的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,特別是其中的款項(xiàng)來源等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKQqAiqIqgGeieMghLRkwYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)交款日期應(yīng)當(dāng)填寫送存銀行當(dāng)日的日期。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyWi8EmYmG6mua0ecJcfpRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)券別的明細(xì)賬的張數(shù)和金額必須和各券別的實(shí)際數(shù)一致,壹元、伍角、壹角、伍分、貳分、壹分等既有紙幣又有鑄幣的,應(yīng)填寫紙幣、鑄幣合計(jì)的數(shù)量和金額。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sWA0G6KoGq2YlD3smdfVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"希望以上講解能對(duì)您認(rèn)識(shí)出納工作有所助益!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne6oYI0YG22uQuqJ3h8AJ7c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQWWYyayIO2sCKRMMMJVfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUIcaGw2qACEAN9wQwbqCf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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